Massification or Quality of Graduates? A Model for Higher Education and Development in Uganda
##article.subject##:
Massification, Graduates, Development, Higher Education, Uganda
##article.abstract##
Massification of higher education is inevitable in the development process of Uganda where the country’s Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) is at 6.8%. Massification in Uganda was introduced with an aim of higher education becoming accessible to all. This paper analyzes the multifaceted debates regarding higher education and development in Uganda. These debates include; (a) massification of higher education leads to development, and (b) training quality graduates leads to development. Against the two debates the government of Uganda has failed to take an appropriate position on whether it is for massification or producing quality of graduates. This literature review answers three broad questions; (i) Does massification of higher education lead to development in Uganda? (ii) Does training of a few quality graduates lead to development in Uganda? And, (iii) what is the best model for higher education in Uganda? With the increasing numbers of students enrolled in higher education institutions higher education has been faced with enormous challenges such as inadequate funding and staffing, deteriorating standards, low quality graduates, high student-staff ratio, poor physical facilities, and insufficient equipment. This paper makes suggestions on how massification in higher education can create a critical mass of human resources that can lead to economic development in Uganda.
References
Altbach, P. (2012). Higher Education in the Age of Massification. The Brown journal of World Affairs, 19(1), 183 - 194.
Altbach, P. (2016). Massification, Globalization and the Global Knowledge Economy: Policy challenges and opportunities for universities in Southeast Asia (The Policy Brief No. 1), Global Perspectives on Higher Education, 1 - 7.
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & De Wit, H. (2017). Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
Barnett, R. (2009). Knowledge Interests and Knowledge Policies: Rethinking the University in the Twenty First Century, in R. Barnett, J. C. Guedon, J. Masschelein, M. Simons, S. Robertson, & N. Standaert, Rethinking the University after Bologna, Antwerpen: UCSIA.
Brandenburg, U., & Zhu, J. (2007). Higher Education in China in the light of Massification and Demographic Change: Lessons to be learned for Germany.
Brennan, J. (2004). The Social Role of the Contemporary University: Contradictions, Boundaries and Change,” Ten Years On: Changing Education in a Changing World, Center for Higher Education Research and Information, Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Ca, T. (2006). Universities as Drivers of the Urban Economies in Asia: The Case of Vietnam. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3949, Washington.
Castells, M. (1994). The University System: Engine of Development in the New World Economy, in Salmi and Verspoor (eds.), pp. 14-40.
Chou, C. P., & Li-Tien, W. (2012). Who Benefits from the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan? Chinese Education and Society, 45(6), 8–20. DOI: 10.2753/CED1061-1932450501
Daily Monitor (2012). Public Universities losing aura, students. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Public-universities-losing-aura--students/688336-1454776-tb5k0r/index.html
De Melo-Costa, D., & Zha, Q. (2014). The Massification Process in Chinese Higher Education. A Gestão do Conhecimento e osNovos Modelos de Universidade, 3, 4 – 5.
Fornari, R., &Pompili, G. (2010). Pursuing Quality in Mass Higher Education: The Dilemma of Equity and Excellence in Italy. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 2, 16 - 46.
Gumport, J. P., Iannozzi, M., Shaman, S., &Zemsky, R. (1997). Trends in United States Higher Education from Massification to Post Massification. National Center for Postsecondary Improvement, Stanford University, Stanford.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., & Sebkova, H. (2004). Diversification of Higher Education Systems: Patterns, Trends and Impacts, UNESCO Forum Occasional Forum Series, Paper No. 6 - "Diversification of Higher Education and the Changing Role of Knowledge and Research", 40-69.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., Sebkova, H., &Teichler, U. (2007). Massification and Diversity of Higher Education Systems: Interplay of Complex Dimensions. In: Higher Education Policy. 20. 373-389.
Heung, L. K. (2009). Massification of Higher Education and Quality Assurance Reforms in Hong Kong SAR. International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel, University of Kassel.
Hornsby, D. J., & Osman, R. (2014). Massification in Higher Education: Large Classes and Student Learning. Higher Education. DOI 10.1007/s10734-014-9733-1
Huang, F. (2011). Higher education from massification to universal access: A perspective from Japan. Higher Education, DOI 10.1007/s10734-011-9438-7
Hui, X. D. (2009). Curriculum Reform in the Context of Massification in China: A Case Study of BIPT, Foreign Language Department. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Oslo.
Hussain, F. M., Afza, A., Naveed, A., Asif, M., & Rao, M. B. (2011). Impact of Innovation, Technology and Economic Growth on Entrepreneurship. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1), 45 – 51.
Ifeoma, A. R. (2013). Challenges of Quality in Higher Education in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3 (2), 159-172.
Kariwo, M., Gounko, T., & Nungu, M. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Kruss, G., McGrath, S., Petersen, I., & Gastrowa, M. (2015). Higher education and economic development: The importance of building technological capabilities. International Journal of Educational Development, 43, 22 - 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.011
Marginson, S. (2017). Elite, Mass, and High-Participation Higher Education. Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions, 1 – 8. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_50-1
Marope, P. T. M., Wells, P. J. & Hazelkorn, E. (2013). Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002207/220789e.pdf
Min, W. (2004). The Legacy of the Past and the Context of the Future. In Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges (Edn). Philip Altbach and Toru Umakoshi, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2008). The Effects of Massification on Higher Education in Africa
Munene, I. I. (ND). Higher Education in Africa: Institutional Response to Globalization
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2010). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2012). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2014). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
Ntim, S. (2016). Massification in Ghanaian Higher Education: Implications for Pedagogical Quality, Equity Control and Assessment. International Research in Higher Education, 1(1), 160 – 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v1n1p160
Oketch, M., McCowan, T., & Schendel, R. (2014). The Impact of Tertiary Education on Development. Systematic Literature Review for DFID, Institute of Education, London.
Owuor, N. A. (2012). Higher Education in Kenya: The Rising Tension between Quantity and Quality in the Post-Massification Period. Higher Education Studies, 2(4), 126 – 136.
Pillay, P. (2011). Higher Education and Economic Development: Literature Review. Centre for Higher Education Transformation, Cape Town.
Roberts, L., &Ajai-Ajagbe, P. (2013). Higher education and the Millennium Development Goals: where are we coming from, and where are we going? The Association of Common Wealth Universities, United Kingdom.
Robertson, S. L. (2010). Challenges Facing Universities in a Globalizing World, published by the Centre for Globalization, Education and Societies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1JA, UK at: http://susanleerobertson.com/publications/
Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70, 898 - 920.
Selyutin, A. A., Kalashnikova, T. V., Danilova, N. E., & Frolova, N. V. (2017). Massification of the Higher Education as a Way to Individual Subjective Wellbeing. International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World, 258 – 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.35
Shan, H., & Guo, S. (2014). Massification of Chinese Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges in a Globalizing Context. In M. Kariwo., T. Gounko, & M. Nungu (ND)
A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Songkaeo, T., & Yeong, L. H. (2016). Defining Higher Education Issues and Challenges in Southeast Asia/ASEAN within the International Context: THF Literature Review, pp. 2 – 25.
Srikanthan, G. (ND). Developing a Model for Quality in Higher Education. Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
Task Force on Higher Education and Society [TFHES] (2000). Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. Washington DC: World Bank.
Teichler, U. (1996)
Teichler, U. (2009). Higher education and the world of work: Conceptual frameworks, comparative perspectives, empirical findings. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Tilak, J. B. G. (2003). Higher Education and Development in Asia. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 17(2), 151-173.
Trow, M, (2000), Essays on the Transformation of Higher Education in Advanced Industrial Societies (in Japanese). Tokyo: Tamagawa University Press.
Trow, M. (1974). Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education, in: OECD (ed.): Policies for Higher Education. OECD General Report - Paris, 51-101.
Trow, M. (1976). Elite Higher Education: An Endangered Species? Minerva 14(3), 355-76.
Trow, M. (2000). From Mass Higher Education to Universal Access: The American Advantage. Minerva, 37, 1-26.
Trow, M. A. (2005). Reflections on the Transition from Elite to Mass to Universal Access: Forms and Phases of Higher Education in Modern Societies since World War II. International Handbook of Higher Education, p. 1 – 66. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/96p3s213
Unangst, L. (2017). Diversification and Differentiation in Postsecondary Education: What the Research Shows in P. G. Altbach, L. Reisberg, & H. De Wit, (2017)
Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
UNESCO (2004). UNESCO Forum Occasional Paper Series. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146736e.pdf
UNESCO (2010). Trends in tertiary education: Sub-Saharan Africa, UIS Facts Sheet, No. 10.
Varghese, N. V. (2013). Governance reforms in higher education: A study of selected countries in Africa. UNESCO; International Institute for Educational Planning.
IIEP/SEM334/Theme paper. http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_And_Events/pdf/2013/Governance_reforms_in_HE_paper_PF.pdf
Varghese, N. V. (2015). Challenges of Massification of Higher Education in India. National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Dehli – India.
Walker, M. (2015). Higher education and the public good. In: McGrath, S., & Gu, Q. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on International Education and Development. Routledge, London.
Welch, A. (2011). Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Blurring Borders, Changing Balance. New York: Routledge.
Wilson, B. (1996). Quality in Universities: Sir Robert Menzies Oration. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 18 (2), 1 – 15.
World Bank (2006). World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Economic Forum (2014). Matching Skills and Labour Market Needs Building Social Partnerships for Better Skills and Better Jobs: Global Agenda Council on
Employment. Davos-Klosters, Switzerland 22-25 January. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC/2014/WEF_GAC_Employment_MatchingSkillsLabourMarket_Report_2014.pdf
Zalewski, R. I. (2009). Impact of Technological Innovations on Economic Growth of Nations. Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics, 7 (6), 35 – 40.
Altbach, P. (2012). Higher Education in the Age of Massification. The Brown journal of World Affairs, 19(1), 183 - 194.
Altbach, P. (2016). Massification, Globalization and the Global Knowledge Economy: Policy challenges and opportunities for universities in Southeast Asia (The Policy Brief No. 1), Global Perspectives on Higher Education, 1 - 7.
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & De Wit, H. (2017). Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
Barnett, R. (2009). Knowledge Interests and Knowledge Policies: Rethinking the University in the Twenty First Century, in R. Barnett, J. C. Guedon, J. Masschelein, M. Simons, S. Robertson, & N. Standaert, Rethinking the University after Bologna, Antwerpen: UCSIA.
Brandenburg, U., & Zhu, J. (2007). Higher Education in China in the light of Massification and Demographic Change: Lessons to be learned for Germany.
Brennan, J. (2004). The Social Role of the Contemporary University: Contradictions, Boundaries and Change,” Ten Years On: Changing Education in a Changing World, Center for Higher Education Research and Information, Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Ca, T. (2006). Universities as Drivers of the Urban Economies in Asia: The Case of Vietnam. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3949, Washington.
Castells, M. (1994). The University System: Engine of Development in the New World Economy, in Salmi and Verspoor (eds.), pp. 14-40.
Chou, C. P., & Li-Tien, W. (2012). Who Benefits from the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan? Chinese Education and Society, 45(6), 8–20. DOI: 10.2753/CED1061-1932450501
Daily Monitor (2012). Public Universities losing aura, students. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Public-universities-losing-aura--students/688336-1454776-tb5k0r/index.html
De Melo-Costa, D., & Zha, Q. (2014). The Massification Process in Chinese Higher Education. A Gestão do Conhecimento e osNovos Modelos de Universidade, 3, 4 – 5.
Fornari, R., &Pompili, G. (2010). Pursuing Quality in Mass Higher Education: The Dilemma of Equity and Excellence in Italy. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 2, 16 - 46.
Gumport, J. P., Iannozzi, M., Shaman, S., &Zemsky, R. (1997). Trends in United States Higher Education from Massification to Post Massification. National Center for Postsecondary Improvement, Stanford University, Stanford.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., & Sebkova, H. (2004). Diversification of Higher Education Systems: Patterns, Trends and Impacts, UNESCO Forum Occasional Forum Series, Paper No. 6 - "Diversification of Higher Education and the Changing Role of Knowledge and Research", 40-69.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., Sebkova, H., &Teichler, U. (2007). Massification and Diversity of Higher Education Systems: Interplay of Complex Dimensions. In: Higher Education Policy. 20. 373-389.
Heung, L. K. (2009). Massification of Higher Education and Quality Assurance Reforms in Hong Kong SAR. International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel, University of Kassel.
Hornsby, D. J., & Osman, R. (2014). Massification in Higher Education: Large Classes and Student Learning. Higher Education. DOI 10.1007/s10734-014-9733-1
Huang, F. (2011). Higher education from massification to universal access: A perspective from Japan. Higher Education, DOI 10.1007/s10734-011-9438-7
Hui, X. D. (2009). Curriculum Reform in the Context of Massification in China: A Case Study of BIPT, Foreign Language Department. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Oslo.
Hussain, F. M., Afza, A., Naveed, A., Asif, M., & Rao, M. B. (2011). Impact of Innovation, Technology and Economic Growth on Entrepreneurship. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1), 45 – 51.
Ifeoma, A. R. (2013). Challenges of Quality in Higher Education in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3 (2), 159-172.
Kariwo, M., Gounko, T., & Nungu, M. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Kruss, G., McGrath, S., Petersen, I., & Gastrowa, M. (2015). Higher education and economic development: The importance of building technological capabilities. International Journal of Educational Development, 43, 22 - 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.011
Marginson, S. (2017). Elite, Mass, and High-Participation Higher Education. Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions, 1 – 8. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_50-1
Marope, P. T. M., Wells, P. J. & Hazelkorn, E. (2013). Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002207/220789e.pdf
Min, W. (2004). The Legacy of the Past and the Context of the Future. In Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges (Edn). Philip Altbach and Toru Umakoshi, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2008). The Effects of Massification on Higher Education in Africa
Munene, I. I. (ND). Higher Education in Africa: Institutional Response to Globalization
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2010). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2012). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2014). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
Ntim, S. (2016). Massification in Ghanaian Higher Education: Implications for Pedagogical Quality, Equity Control and Assessment. International Research in Higher
Education, 1(1), 160 – 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v1n1p160
Oketch, M., McCowan, T., & Schendel, R. (2014). The Impact of Tertiary Education on Development. Systematic Literature Review for DFID, Institute of Education, London.
Owuor, N. A. (2012). Higher Education in Kenya: The Rising Tension between Quantity and Quality in the Post-Massification Period. Higher Education Studies, 2(4), 126 – 136.
Pillay, P. (2011). Higher Education and Economic Development: Literature Review. Centre for Higher Education Transformation, Cape Town.
Roberts, L., &Ajai-Ajagbe, P. (2013). Higher education and the Millennium Development Goals: where are we coming from, and where are we going? The Association of Common Wealth Universities, United Kingdom.
Robertson, S. L. (2010). Challenges Facing Universities in a Globalizing World, published by the Centre for Globalization, Education and Societies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1JA, UK at: http://susanleerobertson.com/publications/
Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70, 898 - 920.
Selyutin, A. A., Kalashnikova, T. V., Danilova, N. E., & Frolova, N. V. (2017). Massification of the Higher Education as a Way to Individual Subjective Wellbeing. International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World, 258 – 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.35
Shan, H., & Guo, S. (2014). Massification of Chinese Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges in a Globalizing Context. In M. Kariwo., T. Gounko, & M. Nungu (ND) A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Songkaeo, T., & Yeong, L. H. (2016). Defining Higher Education Issues and Challenges in Southeast Asia/ASEAN within the International Context: THF Literature Review, pp. 2 – 25.
Srikanthan, G. (ND). Developing a Model for Quality in Higher Education. Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
Task Force on Higher Education and Society [TFHES] (2000). Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. Washington DC: World Bank.
Teichler, U. (1996)
Teichler, U. (2009). Higher education and the world of work: Conceptual frameworks, comparative perspectives, empirical findings. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Tilak, J. B. G. (2003). Higher Education and Development in Asia. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 17(2), 151-173.
Trow, M, (2000), Essays on the Transformation of Higher Education in Advanced Industrial Societies (in Japanese). Tokyo: Tamagawa University Press.
Trow, M. (1974). Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education, in: OECD (ed.): Policies for Higher Education. OECD General Report - Paris, 51-101.
Trow, M. (1976). Elite Higher Education: An Endangered Species? Minerva 14(3), 355-76.
Trow, M. (2000). From Mass Higher Education to Universal Access: The American Advantage. Minerva, 37, 1-26.
Trow, M. A. (2005). Reflections on the Transition from Elite to Mass to Universal Access: Forms and Phases of Higher Education in Modern Societies since World War II. International Handbook of Higher Education, p. 1 – 66. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/96p3s213
Unangst, L. (2017). Diversification and Differentiation in Postsecondary Education: What the Research Shows in P. G. Altbach, L. Reisberg, & H. De Wit, (2017)
Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
UNESCO (2004). UNESCO Forum Occasional Paper Series. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146736e.pdf
UNESCO (2010). Trends in tertiary education: Sub-Saharan Africa, UIS Facts Sheet, No. 10.
Varghese, N. V. (2013). Governance reforms in higher education: A study of selected countries in Africa. UNESCO; International Institute for Educational Planning. IIEP/SEM334/Theme paper. http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_And_Events/pdf/2013/Governance_reforms_in_HE_paper_PF.pdf
Varghese, N. V. (2015). Challenges of Massification of Higher Education in India. National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Dehli – India.
Walker, M. (2015). Higher education and the public good. In: McGrath, S., & Gu, Q. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on International Education and Development. Routledge, London.
Welch, A. (2011). Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Blurring Borders, Changing Balance. New York: Routledge.
Wilson, B. (1996). Quality in Universities: Sir Robert Menzies Oration. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 18 (2), 1 – 15.
World Bank (2006). World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Economic Forum (2014). Matching Skills and Labour Market Needs Building Social Partnerships for Better Skills and Better Jobs: Global Agenda Council on
Employment. Davos-Klosters, Switzerland 22-25 January. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC
/2014/WEF_GAC_Employment_MatchingSkillsLabourMarket_Report_2014.pdf
Zalewski, R. I. (2009). Impact of Technological Innovations on Economic Growth of Nations. Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics, 7 (6), 35 – 40.
Altbach, P. (2012). Higher Education in the Age of Massification. The Brown journal of World Affairs, 19(1), 183 - 194.
Altbach, P. (2016). Massification, Globalization and the Global Knowledge Economy: Policy challenges and opportunities for universities in Southeast Asia (The Policy Brief No. 1), Global Perspectives on Higher Education, 1 - 7.
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & De Wit, H. (2017). Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
Barnett, R. (2009). Knowledge Interests and Knowledge Policies: Rethinking the University in the Twenty First Century, in R. Barnett, J. C. Guedon, J. Masschelein, M. Simons, S. Robertson, & N. Standaert, Rethinking the University after Bologna, Antwerpen: UCSIA.
Brandenburg, U., & Zhu, J. (2007). Higher Education in China in the light of Massification and Demographic Change: Lessons to be learned for Germany.
Brennan, J. (2004). The Social Role of the Contemporary University: Contradictions, Boundaries and Change,” Ten Years On: Changing Education in a Changing World,
Center for Higher Education Research and Information, Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Ca, T. (2006). Universities as Drivers of the Urban Economies in Asia: The Case of Vietnam. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3949, Washington.
Castells, M. (1994). The University System: Engine of Development in the New World Economy, in Salmi and Verspoor (eds.), pp. 14-40.
Chou, C. P., & Li-Tien, W. (2012). Who Benefits from the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan? Chinese Education and Society, 45(6), 8–20. DOI: 10.2753/CED1061-1932450501
Daily Monitor (2012). Public Universities losing aura, students. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Public-universities-losing-aura--students/688336-1454776-tb5k0r/index.html
De Melo-Costa, D., & Zha, Q. (2014). The Massification Process in Chinese Higher Education. A Gestão do Conhecimento e osNovos Modelos de Universidade, 3, 4 – 5.
Fornari, R., &Pompili, G. (2010). Pursuing Quality in Mass Higher Education: The Dilemma of Equity and Excellence in Italy. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 2, 16 - 46.
Gumport, J. P., Iannozzi, M., Shaman, S., &Zemsky, R. (1997). Trends in United States Higher Education from Massification to Post Massification. National Center for Postsecondary Improvement, Stanford University, Stanford.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., & Sebkova, H. (2004). Diversification of Higher Education Systems: Patterns, Trends and Impacts, UNESCO Forum Occasional Forum Series, Paper No. 6 - "Diversification of Higher Education and the Changing Role of Knowledge and Research", 40-69.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., Sebkova, H., &Teichler, U. (2007). Massification and Diversity of Higher Education Systems: Interplay of Complex Dimensions. In: Higher Education Policy. 20. 373-389.
Heung, L. K. (2009). Massification of Higher Education and Quality Assurance Reforms in Hong Kong SAR. International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel, University of Kassel.
Hornsby, D. J., & Osman, R. (2014). Massification in Higher Education: Large Classes and Student Learning. Higher Education. DOI 10.1007/s10734-014-9733-1
Huang, F. (2011). Higher education from massification to universal access: A perspective from Japan. Higher Education, DOI 10.1007/s10734-011-9438-7
Hui, X. D. (2009). Curriculum Reform in the Context of Massification in China: A Case Study of BIPT, Foreign Language Department. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Oslo.
Hussain, F. M., Afza, A., Naveed, A., Asif, M., & Rao, M. B. (2011). Impact of Innovation, Technology and Economic Growth on Entrepreneurship. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1), 45 – 51.
Ifeoma, A. R. (2013). Challenges of Quality in Higher Education in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3 (2), 159-172.
Kariwo, M., Gounko, T., & Nungu, M. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Kruss, G., McGrath, S., Petersen, I., & Gastrowa, M. (2015). Higher education and economic development: The importance of building technological capabilities. International Journal of Educational Development, 43, 22 - 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.011
Marginson, S. (2017). Elite, Mass, and High-Participation Higher Education. Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions, 1 – 8. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_50-1
Marope, P. T. M., Wells, P. J. & Hazelkorn, E. (2013). Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002207/220789e.pdf
Min, W. (2004). The Legacy of the Past and the Context of the Future. In Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges (Edn). Philip Altbach and Toru Umakoshi, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2008). The Effects of Massification on Higher Education in Africa
Munene, I. I. (ND). Higher Education in Africa: Institutional Response to Globalization
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2010). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2012). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2014). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
Ntim, S. (2016). Massification in Ghanaian Higher Education: Implications for Pedagogical Quality, Equity Control and Assessment. International Research in Higher
Education, 1(1), 160 – 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v1n1p160
Oketch, M., McCowan, T., & Schendel, R. (2014). The Impact of Tertiary Education on Development. Systematic Literature Review for DFID, Institute of Education, London.
Owuor, N. A. (2012). Higher Education in Kenya: The Rising Tension between Quantity and Quality in the Post-Massification Period. Higher Education Studies, 2(4), 126 – 136.
Pillay, P. (2011). Higher Education and Economic Development: Literature Review. Centre for Higher Education Transformation, Cape Town.
Roberts, L., &Ajai-Ajagbe, P. (2013). Higher education and the Millennium Development Goals: where are we coming from, and where are we going? The Association of Common Wealth Universities, United Kingdom.
Robertson, S. L. (2010). Challenges Facing Universities in a Globalizing World, published by the Centre for Globalization, Education and Societies, University of Bristol,
Bristol BS8 1JA, UK at: http://susanleerobertson.com/publications/
Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70, 898 - 920.
Selyutin, A. A., Kalashnikova, T. V., Danilova, N. E., & Frolova, N. V. (2017). Massification of the Higher Education as a Way to Individual Subjective Wellbeing.
International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World, 258 – 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.35
Shan, H., & Guo, S. (2014). Massification of Chinese Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges in a Globalizing Context. In M. Kariwo., T. Gounko, & M. Nungu (ND)
A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Songkaeo, T., & Yeong, L. H. (2016). Defining Higher Education Issues and Challenges in Southeast Asia/ASEAN within the International Context: THF Literature Review, pp. 2 – 25.
Srikanthan, G. (ND). Developing a Model for Quality in Higher Education. Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
Task Force on Higher Education and Society [TFHES] (2000). Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. Washington DC: World Bank.
Teichler, U. (1996)
Teichler, U. (2009). Higher education and the world of work: Conceptual frameworks, comparative perspectives, empirical findings. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Tilak, J. B. G. (2003). Higher Education and Development in Asia. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 17(2), 151-173.
Trow, M, (2000), Essays on the Transformation of Higher Education in Advanced Industrial Societies (in Japanese). Tokyo: Tamagawa University Press.
Trow, M. (1974). Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education, in: OECD (ed.): Policies for Higher Education. OECD General Report - Paris, 51-101.
Trow, M. (1976). Elite Higher Education: An Endangered Species? Minerva 14(3), 355-76.
Trow, M. (2000). From Mass Higher Education to Universal Access: The American Advantage. Minerva, 37, 1-26.
Trow, M. A. (2005). Reflections on the Transition from Elite to Mass to Universal Access: Forms and Phases of Higher Education in Modern Societies since World War II.
International Handbook of Higher Education, p. 1 – 66. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/96p3s213
Unangst, L. (2017). Diversification and Differentiation in Postsecondary Education: What the Research Shows in P. G. Altbach, L. Reisberg, & H. De Wit, (2017)
Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
UNESCO (2004). UNESCO Forum Occasional Paper Series. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146736e.pdf
UNESCO (2010). Trends in tertiary education: Sub-Saharan Africa, UIS Facts Sheet, No. 10.
Varghese, N. V. (2013). Governance reforms in higher education: A study of selected countries in Africa. UNESCO; International Institute for Educational Planning.
IIEP/SEM334/Theme paper. http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_And_Events/pdf/2013/Governance_reforms_in_HE_paper_PF.pdf
Varghese, N. V. (2015). Challenges of Massification of Higher Education in India. National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Dehli – India.
Walker, M. (2015). Higher education and the public good. In: McGrath, S., & Gu, Q. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on International Education and Development. Routledge,
London.
Welch, A. (2011). Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Blurring Borders, Changing Balance. New York: Routledge.
Wilson, B. (1996). Quality in Universities: Sir Robert Menzies Oration. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 18 (2), 1 – 15.
World Bank (2006). World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Economic Forum (2014). Matching Skills and Labour Market Needs Building Social Partnerships for Better Skills and Better Jobs: Global Agenda Council on
Employment. Davos-Klosters, Switzerland 22-25 January. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC/2014/WEF_GAC_Employment_MatchingSkillsLabourMarket_Report_2014.pdf
Zalewski, R. I. (2009). Impact of Technological Innovations on Economic Growth of Nations. Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics, 7 (6), 35 – 40.
Altbach, P. (2016). Massification, Globalization and the Global Knowledge Economy: Policy challenges and opportunities for universities in Southeast Asia (The Policy Brief No. 1), Global Perspectives on Higher Education, 1 - 7.
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & De Wit, H. (2017). Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
Barnett, R. (2009). Knowledge Interests and Knowledge Policies: Rethinking the University in the Twenty First Century, in R. Barnett, J. C. Guedon, J. Masschelein, M. Simons, S. Robertson, & N. Standaert, Rethinking the University after Bologna, Antwerpen: UCSIA.
Brandenburg, U., & Zhu, J. (2007). Higher Education in China in the light of Massification and Demographic Change: Lessons to be learned for Germany.
Brennan, J. (2004). The Social Role of the Contemporary University: Contradictions, Boundaries and Change,” Ten Years On: Changing Education in a Changing World, Center for Higher Education Research and Information, Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Ca, T. (2006). Universities as Drivers of the Urban Economies in Asia: The Case of Vietnam. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3949, Washington.
Castells, M. (1994). The University System: Engine of Development in the New World Economy, in Salmi and Verspoor (eds.), pp. 14-40.
Chou, C. P., & Li-Tien, W. (2012). Who Benefits from the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan? Chinese Education and Society, 45(6), 8–20. DOI: 10.2753/CED1061-1932450501
Daily Monitor (2012). Public Universities losing aura, students. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Public-universities-losing-aura--students/688336-1454776-tb5k0r/index.html
De Melo-Costa, D., & Zha, Q. (2014). The Massification Process in Chinese Higher Education. A Gestão do Conhecimento e osNovos Modelos de Universidade, 3, 4 – 5.
Fornari, R., &Pompili, G. (2010). Pursuing Quality in Mass Higher Education: The Dilemma of Equity and Excellence in Italy. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 2, 16 - 46.
Gumport, J. P., Iannozzi, M., Shaman, S., &Zemsky, R. (1997). Trends in United States Higher Education from Massification to Post Massification. National Center for Postsecondary Improvement, Stanford University, Stanford.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., & Sebkova, H. (2004). Diversification of Higher Education Systems: Patterns, Trends and Impacts, UNESCO Forum Occasional Forum Series, Paper No. 6 - "Diversification of Higher Education and the Changing Role of Knowledge and Research", 40-69.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., Sebkova, H., &Teichler, U. (2007). Massification and Diversity of Higher Education Systems: Interplay of Complex Dimensions. In: Higher Education Policy. 20. 373-389.
Heung, L. K. (2009). Massification of Higher Education and Quality Assurance Reforms in Hong Kong SAR. International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel, University of Kassel.
Hornsby, D. J., & Osman, R. (2014). Massification in Higher Education: Large Classes and Student Learning. Higher Education. DOI 10.1007/s10734-014-9733-1
Huang, F. (2011). Higher education from massification to universal access: A perspective from Japan. Higher Education, DOI 10.1007/s10734-011-9438-7
Hui, X. D. (2009). Curriculum Reform in the Context of Massification in China: A Case Study of BIPT, Foreign Language Department. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Oslo.
Hussain, F. M., Afza, A., Naveed, A., Asif, M., & Rao, M. B. (2011). Impact of Innovation, Technology and Economic Growth on Entrepreneurship. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1), 45 – 51.
Ifeoma, A. R. (2013). Challenges of Quality in Higher Education in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3 (2), 159-172.
Kariwo, M., Gounko, T., & Nungu, M. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Kruss, G., McGrath, S., Petersen, I., & Gastrowa, M. (2015). Higher education and economic development: The importance of building technological capabilities. International Journal of Educational Development, 43, 22 - 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.011
Marginson, S. (2017). Elite, Mass, and High-Participation Higher Education. Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions, 1 – 8. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_50-1
Marope, P. T. M., Wells, P. J. & Hazelkorn, E. (2013). Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002207/220789e.pdf
Min, W. (2004). The Legacy of the Past and the Context of the Future. In Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges (Edn). Philip Altbach and Toru Umakoshi, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2008). The Effects of Massification on Higher Education in Africa
Munene, I. I. (ND). Higher Education in Africa: Institutional Response to Globalization
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2010). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2012). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2014). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
Ntim, S. (2016). Massification in Ghanaian Higher Education: Implications for Pedagogical Quality, Equity Control and Assessment. International Research in Higher Education, 1(1), 160 – 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v1n1p160
Oketch, M., McCowan, T., & Schendel, R. (2014). The Impact of Tertiary Education on Development. Systematic Literature Review for DFID, Institute of Education, London.
Owuor, N. A. (2012). Higher Education in Kenya: The Rising Tension between Quantity and Quality in the Post-Massification Period. Higher Education Studies, 2(4), 126 – 136.
Pillay, P. (2011). Higher Education and Economic Development: Literature Review. Centre for Higher Education Transformation, Cape Town.
Roberts, L., &Ajai-Ajagbe, P. (2013). Higher education and the Millennium Development Goals: where are we coming from, and where are we going? The Association of Common Wealth Universities, United Kingdom.
Robertson, S. L. (2010). Challenges Facing Universities in a Globalizing World, published by the Centre for Globalization, Education and Societies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1JA, UK at: http://susanleerobertson.com/publications/
Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70, 898 - 920.
Selyutin, A. A., Kalashnikova, T. V., Danilova, N. E., & Frolova, N. V. (2017). Massification of the Higher Education as a Way to Individual Subjective Wellbeing. International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World, 258 – 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.35
Shan, H., & Guo, S. (2014). Massification of Chinese Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges in a Globalizing Context. In M. Kariwo., T. Gounko, & M. Nungu (ND)
A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Songkaeo, T., & Yeong, L. H. (2016). Defining Higher Education Issues and Challenges in Southeast Asia/ASEAN within the International Context: THF Literature Review, pp. 2 – 25.
Srikanthan, G. (ND). Developing a Model for Quality in Higher Education. Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
Task Force on Higher Education and Society [TFHES] (2000). Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. Washington DC: World Bank.
Teichler, U. (1996)
Teichler, U. (2009). Higher education and the world of work: Conceptual frameworks, comparative perspectives, empirical findings. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Tilak, J. B. G. (2003). Higher Education and Development in Asia. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 17(2), 151-173.
Trow, M, (2000), Essays on the Transformation of Higher Education in Advanced Industrial Societies (in Japanese). Tokyo: Tamagawa University Press.
Trow, M. (1974). Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education, in: OECD (ed.): Policies for Higher Education. OECD General Report - Paris, 51-101.
Trow, M. (1976). Elite Higher Education: An Endangered Species? Minerva 14(3), 355-76.
Trow, M. (2000). From Mass Higher Education to Universal Access: The American Advantage. Minerva, 37, 1-26.
Trow, M. A. (2005). Reflections on the Transition from Elite to Mass to Universal Access: Forms and Phases of Higher Education in Modern Societies since World War II. International Handbook of Higher Education, p. 1 – 66. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/96p3s213
Unangst, L. (2017). Diversification and Differentiation in Postsecondary Education: What the Research Shows in P. G. Altbach, L. Reisberg, & H. De Wit, (2017)
Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
UNESCO (2004). UNESCO Forum Occasional Paper Series. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146736e.pdf
UNESCO (2010). Trends in tertiary education: Sub-Saharan Africa, UIS Facts Sheet, No. 10.
Varghese, N. V. (2013). Governance reforms in higher education: A study of selected countries in Africa. UNESCO; International Institute for Educational Planning.
IIEP/SEM334/Theme paper. http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_And_Events/pdf/2013/Governance_reforms_in_HE_paper_PF.pdf
Varghese, N. V. (2015). Challenges of Massification of Higher Education in India. National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Dehli – India.
Walker, M. (2015). Higher education and the public good. In: McGrath, S., & Gu, Q. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on International Education and Development. Routledge, London.
Welch, A. (2011). Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Blurring Borders, Changing Balance. New York: Routledge.
Wilson, B. (1996). Quality in Universities: Sir Robert Menzies Oration. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 18 (2), 1 – 15.
World Bank (2006). World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Economic Forum (2014). Matching Skills and Labour Market Needs Building Social Partnerships for Better Skills and Better Jobs: Global Agenda Council on
Employment. Davos-Klosters, Switzerland 22-25 January. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC/2014/WEF_GAC_Employment_MatchingSkillsLabourMarket_Report_2014.pdf
Zalewski, R. I. (2009). Impact of Technological Innovations on Economic Growth of Nations. Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics, 7 (6), 35 – 40.
Altbach, P. (2012). Higher Education in the Age of Massification. The Brown journal of World Affairs, 19(1), 183 - 194.
Altbach, P. (2016). Massification, Globalization and the Global Knowledge Economy: Policy challenges and opportunities for universities in Southeast Asia (The Policy Brief No. 1), Global Perspectives on Higher Education, 1 - 7.
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & De Wit, H. (2017). Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
Barnett, R. (2009). Knowledge Interests and Knowledge Policies: Rethinking the University in the Twenty First Century, in R. Barnett, J. C. Guedon, J. Masschelein, M. Simons, S. Robertson, & N. Standaert, Rethinking the University after Bologna, Antwerpen: UCSIA.
Brandenburg, U., & Zhu, J. (2007). Higher Education in China in the light of Massification and Demographic Change: Lessons to be learned for Germany.
Brennan, J. (2004). The Social Role of the Contemporary University: Contradictions, Boundaries and Change,” Ten Years On: Changing Education in a Changing World, Center for Higher Education Research and Information, Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Ca, T. (2006). Universities as Drivers of the Urban Economies in Asia: The Case of Vietnam. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3949, Washington.
Castells, M. (1994). The University System: Engine of Development in the New World Economy, in Salmi and Verspoor (eds.), pp. 14-40.
Chou, C. P., & Li-Tien, W. (2012). Who Benefits from the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan? Chinese Education and Society, 45(6), 8–20. DOI: 10.2753/CED1061-1932450501
Daily Monitor (2012). Public Universities losing aura, students. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Public-universities-losing-aura--students/688336-1454776-tb5k0r/index.html
De Melo-Costa, D., & Zha, Q. (2014). The Massification Process in Chinese Higher Education. A Gestão do Conhecimento e osNovos Modelos de Universidade, 3, 4 – 5.
Fornari, R., &Pompili, G. (2010). Pursuing Quality in Mass Higher Education: The Dilemma of Equity and Excellence in Italy. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 2, 16 - 46.
Gumport, J. P., Iannozzi, M., Shaman, S., &Zemsky, R. (1997). Trends in United States Higher Education from Massification to Post Massification. National Center for Postsecondary Improvement, Stanford University, Stanford.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., & Sebkova, H. (2004). Diversification of Higher Education Systems: Patterns, Trends and Impacts, UNESCO Forum Occasional Forum Series, Paper No. 6 - "Diversification of Higher Education and the Changing Role of Knowledge and Research", 40-69.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., Sebkova, H., &Teichler, U. (2007). Massification and Diversity of Higher Education Systems: Interplay of Complex Dimensions. In: Higher Education Policy. 20. 373-389.
Heung, L. K. (2009). Massification of Higher Education and Quality Assurance Reforms in Hong Kong SAR. International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel, University of Kassel.
Hornsby, D. J., & Osman, R. (2014). Massification in Higher Education: Large Classes and Student Learning. Higher Education. DOI 10.1007/s10734-014-9733-1
Huang, F. (2011). Higher education from massification to universal access: A perspective from Japan. Higher Education, DOI 10.1007/s10734-011-9438-7
Hui, X. D. (2009). Curriculum Reform in the Context of Massification in China: A Case Study of BIPT, Foreign Language Department. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Oslo.
Hussain, F. M., Afza, A., Naveed, A., Asif, M., & Rao, M. B. (2011). Impact of Innovation, Technology and Economic Growth on Entrepreneurship. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1), 45 – 51.
Ifeoma, A. R. (2013). Challenges of Quality in Higher Education in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3 (2), 159-172.
Kariwo, M., Gounko, T., & Nungu, M. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Kruss, G., McGrath, S., Petersen, I., & Gastrowa, M. (2015). Higher education and economic development: The importance of building technological capabilities. International Journal of Educational Development, 43, 22 - 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.011
Marginson, S. (2017). Elite, Mass, and High-Participation Higher Education. Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions, 1 – 8. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_50-1
Marope, P. T. M., Wells, P. J. & Hazelkorn, E. (2013). Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002207/220789e.pdf
Min, W. (2004). The Legacy of the Past and the Context of the Future. In Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Challenges (Edn). Philip Altbach and Toru Umakoshi, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
Mohamedbhai, G. (2008). The Effects of Massification on Higher Education in Africa
Munene, I. I. (ND). Higher Education in Africa: Institutional Response to Globalization
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2010). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2012). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
National Council for Higher Education [NCHE] (2014). The state of Higher Education and Training in Uganda: A Report on Higher Education delivery and Institutions. NCHE, Cavers Crescent, Kyambogo.
Ntim, S. (2016). Massification in Ghanaian Higher Education: Implications for Pedagogical Quality, Equity Control and Assessment. International Research in Higher
Education, 1(1), 160 – 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v1n1p160
Oketch, M., McCowan, T., & Schendel, R. (2014). The Impact of Tertiary Education on Development. Systematic Literature Review for DFID, Institute of Education, London.
Owuor, N. A. (2012). Higher Education in Kenya: The Rising Tension between Quantity and Quality in the Post-Massification Period. Higher Education Studies, 2(4), 126 – 136.
Pillay, P. (2011). Higher Education and Economic Development: Literature Review. Centre for Higher Education Transformation, Cape Town.
Roberts, L., &Ajai-Ajagbe, P. (2013). Higher education and the Millennium Development Goals: where are we coming from, and where are we going? The Association of Common Wealth Universities, United Kingdom.
Robertson, S. L. (2010). Challenges Facing Universities in a Globalizing World, published by the Centre for Globalization, Education and Societies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1JA, UK at: http://susanleerobertson.com/publications/
Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70, 898 - 920.
Selyutin, A. A., Kalashnikova, T. V., Danilova, N. E., & Frolova, N. V. (2017). Massification of the Higher Education as a Way to Individual Subjective Wellbeing. International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World, 258 – 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.35
Shan, H., & Guo, S. (2014). Massification of Chinese Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges in a Globalizing Context. In M. Kariwo., T. Gounko, & M. Nungu (ND) A Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Systems: Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Sense publishers, Rotterdam - The Netherlands.
Songkaeo, T., & Yeong, L. H. (2016). Defining Higher Education Issues and Challenges in Southeast Asia/ASEAN within the International Context: THF Literature Review, pp. 2 – 25.
Srikanthan, G. (ND). Developing a Model for Quality in Higher Education. Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
Task Force on Higher Education and Society [TFHES] (2000). Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. Washington DC: World Bank.
Teichler, U. (1996)
Teichler, U. (2009). Higher education and the world of work: Conceptual frameworks, comparative perspectives, empirical findings. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Tilak, J. B. G. (2003). Higher Education and Development in Asia. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 17(2), 151-173.
Trow, M, (2000), Essays on the Transformation of Higher Education in Advanced Industrial Societies (in Japanese). Tokyo: Tamagawa University Press.
Trow, M. (1974). Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education, in: OECD (ed.): Policies for Higher Education. OECD General Report - Paris, 51-101.
Trow, M. (1976). Elite Higher Education: An Endangered Species? Minerva 14(3), 355-76.
Trow, M. (2000). From Mass Higher Education to Universal Access: The American Advantage. Minerva, 37, 1-26.
Trow, M. A. (2005). Reflections on the Transition from Elite to Mass to Universal Access: Forms and Phases of Higher Education in Modern Societies since World War II. International Handbook of Higher Education, p. 1 – 66. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/96p3s213
Unangst, L. (2017). Diversification and Differentiation in Postsecondary Education: What the Research Shows in P. G. Altbach, L. Reisberg, & H. De Wit, (2017)
Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
UNESCO (2004). UNESCO Forum Occasional Paper Series. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146736e.pdf
UNESCO (2010). Trends in tertiary education: Sub-Saharan Africa, UIS Facts Sheet, No. 10.
Varghese, N. V. (2013). Governance reforms in higher education: A study of selected countries in Africa. UNESCO; International Institute for Educational Planning. IIEP/SEM334/Theme paper. http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_And_Events/pdf/2013/Governance_reforms_in_HE_paper_PF.pdf
Varghese, N. V. (2015). Challenges of Massification of Higher Education in India. National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Dehli – India.
Walker, M. (2015). Higher education and the public good. In: McGrath, S., & Gu, Q. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on International Education and Development. Routledge, London.
Welch, A. (2011). Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Blurring Borders, Changing Balance. New York: Routledge.
Wilson, B. (1996). Quality in Universities: Sir Robert Menzies Oration. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 18 (2), 1 – 15.
World Bank (2006). World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Economic Forum (2014). Matching Skills and Labour Market Needs Building Social Partnerships for Better Skills and Better Jobs: Global Agenda Council on
Employment. Davos-Klosters, Switzerland 22-25 January. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC
/2014/WEF_GAC_Employment_MatchingSkillsLabourMarket_Report_2014.pdf
Zalewski, R. I. (2009). Impact of Technological Innovations on Economic Growth of Nations. Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics, 7 (6), 35 – 40.
Altbach, P. (2012). Higher Education in the Age of Massification. The Brown journal of World Affairs, 19(1), 183 - 194.
Altbach, P. (2016). Massification, Globalization and the Global Knowledge Economy: Policy challenges and opportunities for universities in Southeast Asia (The Policy Brief No. 1), Global Perspectives on Higher Education, 1 - 7.
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & De Wit, H. (2017). Responding to Massification: Differentiation in Postsecondary Education Worldwide. Hamburg Transnational University Leaders Council, Hamburg.
Barnett, R. (2009). Knowledge Interests and Knowledge Policies: Rethinking the University in the Twenty First Century, in R. Barnett, J. C. Guedon, J. Masschelein, M. Simons, S. Robertson, & N. Standaert, Rethinking the University after Bologna, Antwerpen: UCSIA.
Brandenburg, U., & Zhu, J. (2007). Higher Education in China in the light of Massification and Demographic Change: Lessons to be learned for Germany.
Brennan, J. (2004). The Social Role of the Contemporary University: Contradictions, Boundaries and Change,” Ten Years On: Changing Education in a Changing World,
Center for Higher Education Research and Information, Milton Keynes, The Open University.
Ca, T. (2006). Universities as Drivers of the Urban Economies in Asia: The Case of Vietnam. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3949, Washington.
Castells, M. (1994). The University System: Engine of Development in the New World Economy, in Salmi and Verspoor (eds.), pp. 14-40.
Chou, C. P., & Li-Tien, W. (2012). Who Benefits from the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan? Chinese Education and Society, 45(6), 8–20. DOI: 10.2753/CED1061-1932450501
Daily Monitor (2012). Public Universities losing aura, students. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Education/Public-universities-losing-aura--students/688336-1454776-tb5k0r/index.html
De Melo-Costa, D., & Zha, Q. (2014). The Massification Process in Chinese Higher Education. A Gestão do Conhecimento e osNovos Modelos de Universidade, 3, 4 – 5.
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