Coarse Particulate Organic Matter Drift in the Njoro River, Kenya, as a Function of Drift Net Mesh size, Exposure time and Position of Drift sampler
##article.subject##:
Leaf litter, sampling duration, Stream ecology, Tropical
##article.abstract##
Streams transport organic materials to downstream areas and provide food resources and habitat to downstream consumers. Organic matter drift has been reported in streams and is affected by factors such as human-induced disturbances (e.g., damming), stream geomorphology and discharge. However, there is still a paucity of information on the influence of the mesh size of drift nets, drift sampler position and sampling duration (i.e., exposure time) on the drift dynamics of allochthonous particulate organic matter (POM) in Kenyan streams. In the current study, the downstream movement of POM was assessed in different habitats (i.e., pools and riffles) of the Njoro River, between 3rd January and 28th March, 2017. Drift samplers with varied net mesh-sizes (100 µm, 250 µm and 500 µm) were used and POM sampling time varied between 5-120 minutes. The average amount of POM that drifted (pooled data) differed significantly between the riffle and pool habitats (p < 0.001). The average amount of POM that drifted through the three drift nets did not vary significantly at the riffle (p > 0.05) and pool (p > 0.05) habitats. Based on the mesh size of drift samplers, the 100 µm drift sampler had the highest mean amount POM compared to the other (i.e. 250 and 500 µm) drift samplers at the pool habitat. The pool habitat had relatively low average POM content in drift samples. Organic matter drift was significantly affected by the duration of sampling at the riffle (p < 0.001) and pool habitats (p < 0.001). In general, POM drift increased with increase in the duration of sampling. Drift sampler position on the stream bed significantly influenced the mean amount of POM that drifted in both stream habitats (p < 0.001). This research indicates that the mesh size of drift samplers’ nets, duration of sampling and drift sampler position on the stream bed should be considered when characterizing POM drift in running water ecosystems. In future, research on drift should assess the effects of other factors, such as stream size and seasonality on POM drift.
References
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Angradi, T.R. (1991). Transport of coarse particulate organic matter in an Idaho River, USA. Hydrobiologia, 211, 171-183.
Brittain, J. E., and Eikeland, T. J. (1988). Invertebrate drift - a review. Hydrobiologia, 166, 77-93.
Bunte, K., Swingle, K.W., Turowski, J.M., Abt, S.R., and Cenderelli, D.A. (2016). Measurements of coarse particulate organic matter transport in steep mountain streams and estimates of decadal CPOM exports. Journal of Hydrology, 539, 162-176.
Cordova, J.M., Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Tank, J.L., and Lamberti, G.A. (2008). Coarse particulate organic matter transport in low-gradient streams of the upper Peninsula of Michigan. Journal nof North American Benthological Society, 27, 760-771.
Cuffney, T.F., Wallace, B., and Lughart, G.J. (1990). Experimental evidence quantifying the role of benthic invertebrates in organic matter dynamics of headwater streams. Freshwater Biology, 23, 281-299.
Dias, E., Morais, P., Cotter, A.M., Antunes, C., and Hoffman, J.C. (2016). Estuarine consumers utilize marine, estuarine and terrestrial organic matter and provide connectivity among these foodwebs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 554, 21-34.
Faulkner, H., and Copp, G. H. (2001). A model for accurate drift estimation in streams. FreshwaterBiology, 46, 723–733.
Foucreau, N., Puijalon, S., Hervant, F., and Piscart, C. (2013). Effect of leaf litter characteristics on leaf conditioning and on consumption by Gammarus pulex. Freshwater Biology, 58, 1672-1681.
Gomi, T., Sidle, R.C., and Richardson, J.S. (2002). Understanding processes and downstream linkages of headwater streams. BioScience, 52, 905–916.
Gurtz, M. E., Marzolf, G. R., Killingbeck, K. T., Smith. D. L., and Mcarthur, J. V. (1987). Hydrologic and riparian
influences on the import and storage of course particulateorganic matter in a prairie stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 45, 655665.
Herbst, - D.B., Cooper, S.D., Medhurst, R.B., Wiseman, S.W., and Hunsaker, C.T. (2018). A comparison of the taxonomic and trait structure of macroinvertebrate communities between the riffles and pools of montane headwater streams. Hydrobiologia, 820, 115-133.
Hope, D., Billett, M.F., and Cresser, M.S. (1994). A review of the export of carbon in river water: fluxes and processes. Environmental Pollution, 84, 301-324.
Hothorn, T., Bretz, F., and Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametricmodels. Biometric Journal, 50, 346–363.
Janáč, M., and Reicharda, M. (2016). Use of drift nets to infer fish transport and migration strategies in inland aquatic ecosystems. In: Morais, P., Daverat, F. (Eds). An introduction to fish migration: 1st Edition. CRC Press, pp 197-213.
Johnson, L. B., Richards, C., Host G. E., and Arthur, J. W. (1997). Landscape influences on waterchemistry in Mid-eastern stream ecosystems. Freshwater Biology, 37, 193–208.
Kennedy, T. A., Yackulic, C. B., Cross, W. F., Grams, P. E., Yard, M. D., and Copp, A. J. (2014). The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology, 59, 557–572.
Lamberti, G.A., Entrekin, S.A., Griffiths, N.A., and Tiegs, S.D. (2017). Coarse particulate organic matter: storage, transport and retention. In: Lamberti, G.A., Hauer, F.R. (Eds). Methods in stream ecology: volume 2: ecosystem function. Elsevier, Academic Press, pp 55-69.
M'Erimba, C.M., Mathooko, J.M., and Leichtfried, M. (2007). Particulate organic matter (POM) in the humid and wet zones of the Ellegirini River, Kenya. International Review of Hydrobiology, 92, 392–401.
M'Erimba, C.M., Mathooko, J. M., and Leichtfried, M. (2006). Variations in coarse particulateorganic matter in relation to anthropogenic trampling on the banks of the Njoro River Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 44, 282–285.
M’Erimba, C. M., Mathooko, J. M., and Ouma, K. O. (2014). Macroinvertebrate distributions in relation to human and animal-induced physical disturbance on the sediment surface in two Kenya tropical Rift Valley streams. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 39, 337–346.
Magana, A. M., and Bretschko, G. (2003). Retention of Coarse Particulate Organic Matter on the Sediments of Njoro River, Kenya. International Review of Hydrobiology, 88, 414–426
Martineau, C., Vincent, W.F., Frenette, J., and Dodson, J.J. (2004). Primary consumers and particulate organic matter: isotopic evidence of strong selectivity in the estuarine transition zone. Limnology and Oceanography, 49, 1679-1686.
Masese, F.O., and McClain, M.E. (2012). Trophic resources and emergent food web attributes in rivers of Lake Victoria Basin: a review with reference to anthropogenic influences. Ecohydrology, 5, 685–707.
Mathooko, J. M. (1995). The retention of plant coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) at thesurface of the wet-store and dry-store zones of the Njoro River, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 33,151–159.
Mathooko, J. M. (2001). Disturbance of a Kenyan Rift Valley stream by the daily activities oflocal people and livestock. Hydrobiologia, 458,131-139.
Mathooko, J. M., and Kariuki, S. T. (2000). Disturbances and species distribution of the riparian vegetation of a Rift Valley stream. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 123–129.
Mathooko, J. M., M’erimba, C. M., and Leichtfried, M. (2000). Decomposition of leaf litter of Dombeya goetzenii in the Njoro River, Kenya. Hydrobiologia, 418, 147–152.
Mathooko, J. M., Morara, G . O., and Leichtfried, M. (2001). Leaf litter transport and retention in a tropical Rift Valley stream: an experimental approch. – Hydrobiologia, 443, 9–18.
Mathooko, J.M., Morara, G.O., and Leichtfried, M. (2001) The effect of different anthropogenic disturbances on benthic plant coarse particulate organic matter in a tropical Rift Valleystream. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 310–312.
Mbaka, J. G., M’Erimba, C. M., Thiongo, H. K., and Mathooko, J. M. (2014). Water and habitat quality assessment in the Honi and Naro Moru rivers, Kenya, using benth macroinvertebrate assemblages and qualitative habitat scores. African Journal of AquaticScience, 39, 361–368.
Mbaka, J. G., M'Erimba, C. M., and Mathooko, J. M. (2015). Impacts of benthic coarse particulate organic matter variations on macroinvertebrate density and diversity in theNjoro River, A Kenyan highland stream. Journal of East African Natural History, 103, 39-48.
Mesa, L. M., Reynaga, M. C., del Correa, M. V., and Sirombra, M. G. (2013). Effects of anthropogenic impacts on benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages in subtropical mountain streams. Iheringia, Zoologia, Porto Alegre, 103, 342–349.
Morara, G.O., Mathooko, J.M., and Leichtfried, M. (2003). Natural leaf litter transport andretent ion in a second-order tropical stream: the Njoro River, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 41,278–280.
Moser, H. (1991). Input of organic matter (OM) in a low order stream (Ritrodat-Lunz study area, Austria). Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 24, 1913–1916.
Muehlbauer, J. D., Kennedy, T. A., Copp, A. J., and Sabol, T.(2017). Deleterious effects of netclog ging on the quantification of stream drift. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and AquaticSciences, 74, 1041–1048.
Mureithi. P.W., Merimba, C. M., Mathooko, J. M., and Mbaka, J. G. (2018). Effects of mesh- sizeand sampling duration on drift densities in two contrasting habitats in a Kenyan highlandstrea m. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 4, 2313-3759.
Naiman, R.J., and Sedell, J.R. (1979). Characterization of particulate organic matter transported by some cascade mountain streams. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36, 17-31.
Osano, P. O. (2015). Morphometric characterization and hydrological assessments of River Njoro watershed Using System for Automated Geoscientific Analysis (SAGA) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation Model. International Journal of Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS, 4, 37-44.
Otake, T., Nogami, K., and Maruyama, K. (1993). Dissolved and particulate organic matter as possible food sources for eel leptocephali. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 27-34.
Perić, M. S., and Robinson, C. T. (2015). Spatio-temporal shifts of macroinvertebrate drift and benthos in headwaters of a retreating glacier. Hydrobiologia, 751, 24–41.
Shannon, J.P., Blinn, D.W., Benenati, P.L., Wilson, K.P. (1996). Organic drift in a regulated desert river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 1360-1369.
Tank, J.L., Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Griffiths, N.A., Entrekin, S.A., and Stephen, M.L. (2010). A review of allochthonous organic matter dynamics and metabolism in streams. Journal of North American Benthological Society, 29, 118-146.
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., and Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 130–137.
Wagner, F. H. (2000). Spatial drift distributions and their ecological importance. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 27, 1631-1634.
Wantzen, K.M., Yule, C.M., Mathooko, J.M., and Pringle, C.M. (2008). Organic matter Processing in Tropical Streams. Tropical Stream Ecology, 3, 43-64.
Waringer, J. (1992). The drifting of invertebrates and particulate organic matter in an Australian mountain brook. Freshwater Biology, 27, 367-378.
Waters, T. F. (1972). The drift of stream insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 17, 253-272.
Weigelhofer, G., and Waringer, J.A. (1994). Allochthonous input of coarse particulate. Hydrobiologia, 79, 461-471.
Angradi, T.R. (1991). Transport of coarse particulate organic matter in an Idaho River, USA. Hydrobiologia, 211, 171-183.
Brittain, J. E., and Eikeland, T. J. (1988). Invertebrate drift - a review. Hydrobiologia, 166, 77-93.
Bunte, K., Swingle, K.W., Turowski, J.M., Abt, S.R., and Cenderelli, D.A. (2016). Measurements of coarse particulate organic matter transport in steep mountain streams and estimates of decadal CPOM exports. Journal of Hydrology, 539, 162-176.
Cordova, J.M., Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Tank, J.L., and Lamberti, G.A. (2008). Coarse particulate organic matter transport in low-gradient streams of the upper Peninsula of Michigan. Journal nof North American Benthological Society, 27, 760-771.
Cuffney, T.F., Wallace, B., and Lughart, G.J. (1990). Experimental evidence quantifying the role of benthic invertebrates in organic matter dynamics of headwater streams. Freshwater Biology, 23, 281-299.
Dias, E., Morais, P., Cotter, A.M., Antunes, C., and Hoffman, J.C. (2016). Estuarine consumers utilize marine, estuarine and terrestrial organic matter and provide connectivity among these foodwebs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 554, 21-34.
Faulkner, H., and Copp, G. H. (2001). A model for accurate drift estimation in streams. FreshwaterBiology, 46, 723–733.
Foucreau, N., Puijalon, S., Hervant, F., and Piscart, C. (2013). Effect of leaf litter characteristics on leaf conditioning and on consumption by Gammarus pulex. Freshwater Biology, 58, 1672-1681.
Gomi, T., Sidle, R.C., and Richardson, J.S. (2002). Understanding processes and downstream linkages of headwater streams. BioScience, 52, 905–916.
Gurtz, M. E., Marzolf, G. R., Killingbeck, K. T., Smith. D. L., and Mcarthur, J. V. (1987). Hydrologic and riparian
influences on the import and storage of course particulateorganic matter in a prairie stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 45, 655665.
Herbst, - D.B., Cooper, S.D., Medhurst, R.B., Wiseman, S.W., and Hunsaker, C.T. (2018). A comparison of the taxonomic and trait structure of macroinvertebrate communities between the riffles and pools of montane headwater streams. Hydrobiologia, 820, 115-133.
Hope, D., Billett, M.F., and Cresser, M.S. (1994). A review of the export of carbon in river water: fluxes and processes. Environmental Pollution, 84, 301-324.
Hothorn, T., Bretz, F., and Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametricmodels. Biometric Journal, 50, 346–363.
Janáč, M., and Reicharda, M. (2016). Use of drift nets to infer fish transport and migration strategies in inland aquatic ecosystems. In: Morais, P., Daverat, F. (Eds). An introduction to fish migration: 1st Edition. CRC Press, pp 197-213.
Johnson, L. B., Richards, C., Host G. E., and Arthur, J. W. (1997). Landscape influences on waterchemistry in Mid-eastern stream ecosystems. Freshwater Biology, 37, 193–208.
Kennedy, T. A., Yackulic, C. B., Cross, W. F., Grams, P. E., Yard, M. D., and Copp, A. J. (2014). The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology, 59, 557–572.
Lamberti, G.A., Entrekin, S.A., Griffiths, N.A., and Tiegs, S.D. (2017). Coarse particulate organic matter: storage, transport and retention. In: Lamberti, G.A., Hauer, F.R. (Eds). Methods in stream ecology: volume 2: ecosystem function. Elsevier, Academic Press, pp 55-69.
M'Erimba, C.M., Mathooko, J.M., and Leichtfried, M. (2007). Particulate organic matter (POM) in the humid and wet zones of the Ellegirini River, Kenya. International Review of Hydrobiology, 92, 392–401.
M'Erimba, C.M., Mathooko, J. M., and Leichtfried, M. (2006). Variations in coarse particulateorganic matter in relation to anthropogenic trampling on the banks of the Njoro River Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 44, 282–285.
M’Erimba, C. M., Mathooko, J. M., and Ouma, K. O. (2014). Macroinvertebrate distributions in relation to human and animal-induced physical disturbance on the sediment surface in two Kenya tropical Rift Valley streams. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 39, 337–346.
Magana, A. M., and Bretschko, G. (2003). Retention of Coarse Particulate Organic Matter on the Sediments of Njoro River, Kenya. International Review of Hydrobiology, 88, 414–426
Martineau, C., Vincent, W.F., Frenette, J., and Dodson, J.J. (2004). Primary consumers and particulate organic matter: isotopic evidence of strong selectivity in the estuarine transition zone. Limnology and Oceanography, 49, 1679-1686.
Masese, F.O., and McClain, M.E. (2012). Trophic resources and emergent food web attributes in rivers of Lake Victoria Basin: a review with reference to anthropogenic influences. Ecohydrology, 5, 685–707.
Mathooko, J. M. (1995). The retention of plant coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) at thesurface of the wet-store and dry-store zones of the Njoro River, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 33,151–159.
Mathooko, J. M. (2001). Disturbance of a Kenyan Rift Valley stream by the daily activities oflocal people and livestock. Hydrobiologia, 458,131-139.
Mathooko, J. M., and Kariuki, S. T. (2000). Disturbances and species distribution of the riparian vegetation of a Rift Valley stream. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 123–129.
Mathooko, J. M., M’erimba, C. M., and Leichtfried, M. (2000). Decomposition of leaf litter of Dombeya goetzenii in the Njoro River, Kenya. Hydrobiologia, 418, 147–152.
Mathooko, J. M., Morara, G . O., and Leichtfried, M. (2001). Leaf litter transport and retention in a tropical Rift Valley stream: an experimental approch. – Hydrobiologia, 443, 9–18.
Mathooko, J.M., Morara, G.O., and Leichtfried, M. (2001) The effect of different anthropogenic disturbances on benthic plant coarse particulate organic matter in a tropical Rift Valleystream. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 310–312.
Mbaka, J. G., M’Erimba, C. M., Thiongo, H. K., and Mathooko, J. M. (2014). Water and habitat quality assessment in the Honi and Naro Moru rivers, Kenya, using benth macroinvertebrate assemblages and qualitative habitat scores. African Journal of AquaticScience, 39, 361–368.
Mbaka, J. G., M'Erimba, C. M., and Mathooko, J. M. (2015). Impacts of benthic coarse particulate organic matter variations on macroinvertebrate density and diversity in theNjoro River, A Kenyan highland stream. Journal of East African Natural History, 103, 39-48.
Mesa, L. M., Reynaga, M. C., del Correa, M. V., and Sirombra, M. G. (2013). Effects of anthropogenic impacts on benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages in subtropical mountain streams. Iheringia, Zoologia, Porto Alegre, 103, 342–349.
Morara, G.O., Mathooko, J.M., and Leichtfried, M. (2003). Natural leaf litter transport andretent ion in a second-order tropical stream: the Njoro River, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 41,278–280.
Moser, H. (1991). Input of organic matter (OM) in a low order stream (Ritrodat-Lunz study area, Austria). Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 24, 1913–1916.
Muehlbauer, J. D., Kennedy, T. A., Copp, A. J., and Sabol, T.(2017). Deleterious effects of netclog ging on the quantification of stream drift. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and AquaticSciences, 74, 1041–1048.
Mureithi. P.W., Merimba, C. M., Mathooko, J. M., and Mbaka, J. G. (2018). Effects of mesh- sizeand sampling duration on drift densities in two contrasting habitats in a Kenyan highlandstrea m. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 4, 2313-3759.
Naiman, R.J., and Sedell, J.R. (1979). Characterization of particulate organic matter transported by some cascade mountain streams. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36, 17-31.
Osano, P. O. (2015). Morphometric characterization and hydrological assessments of River Njoro watershed Using System for Automated Geoscientific Analysis (SAGA) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation Model. International Journal of Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS, 4, 37-44.
Otake, T., Nogami, K., and Maruyama, K. (1993). Dissolved and particulate organic matter as possible food sources for eel leptocephali. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 27-34.
Perić, M. S., and Robinson, C. T. (2015). Spatio-temporal shifts of macroinvertebrate drift and benthos in headwaters of a retreating glacier. Hydrobiologia, 751, 24–41.
Shannon, J.P., Blinn, D.W., Benenati, P.L., Wilson, K.P. (1996). Organic drift in a regulated desert river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 1360-1369.
Tank, J.L., Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Griffiths, N.A., Entrekin, S.A., and Stephen, M.L. (2010). A review of allochthonous organic matter dynamics and metabolism in streams. Journal of North American Benthological Society, 29, 118-146.
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., and Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 130–137.
Wagner, F. H. (2000). Spatial drift distributions and their ecological importance. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 27, 1631-1634.
Wantzen, K.M., Yule, C.M., Mathooko, J.M., and Pringle, C.M. (2008). Organic matter Processing in Tropical Streams. Tropical Stream Ecology, 3, 43-64.
Waringer, J. (1992). The drifting of invertebrates and particulate organic matter in an Australian mountain brook. Freshwater Biology, 27, 367-378.
Waters, T. F. (1972). The drift of stream insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 17, 253-272.
Weigelhofer, G., and Waringer, J.A. (1994). Allochthonous input of coarse particulate. Hydrobiologia, 79, 461-471.
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2021-10-25
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