Effect of Seed Source and Post-harvest Practices on Quality of Soybean (Glycine max) Seeds in Busia County
##article.subject##:
Soybean, informal source, seed quality, seed production practices
##article.abstract##
Majority of farmers growing legumes use and recycle seeds from informal sources for the next crop. The quality of such seeds is unknown and usually leads to accumulation of pest, diseases and reduced yields. This study was carried out to determine production practices and quality of soybean seeds obtained from informal sources in Busia County, Kenya. A purposive survey targeting sixty soybean farmers was conducted to collect information on source of soybean seeds, production and post-harvest handling practices. Seed samples were collected from farmers, local market and agro-dealers. The seeds were evaluated for purity, seed coat damage, germination, vigour and fungal infection. Majority (48%) of farmers in Busia County used farm saved seeds, 29% and 23% used seeds from community-based organizations and local markets, respectively. Most of the farmers (92%) used inappropriate threshing techniques like beating with sticks and about 80% of the farmers did not treat seed either before storage or during planting. Majority (68%) stored soybean for three months only. Seeds from informal sources had low purity, higher seed coat damage and infection as compared to certified seeds. The physical purity of seeds from the informal sources did not meet the recommended standard of 98%, however their germination was comparable to 75% germination standard. Farmers therefore, should be advised to adopt use of certified seeds and appropriate handling techniques.
References
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Adetumbi, J. A., Jaime, A., Da Silva, T., & Alamu, O. (2011). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) seed germination indices and yield as affected by length of storage. Seed Science and Biotechnology, 5(1): 11-14.
Adoba et al., 2016 Odoba, A, Odiaka N. I., Gbanguba, A. U., & Bashiru, M. (2016). Germination characteristics of twenty varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) merr.) stored for seven months. Scientia Agriculturae, 13(3), 151-155
Alemu,K. (2014).Seed borne fungal pathogen associated with soybean (Glycine max L.) and their management in Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4(25):14-19.
Al-Faqeeh, T. M. (1997). A survey of lentil seed quality in Jordan. University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan (Doctoral dissertation, Msc Thesis, 97p)
Aliloo, A.A. and Darabinejad, S, 2013. Evaluation of different techniques for breaking seed dormancy of Heliotropium europaeum L. (Boraginanaceae). Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences 7(20): 87-91.
Anna Aladjadjiyan (2010). Effect of microwave irradiation on seeds of lentils (Lens culinaris, med.) Romanian Journal of Biophysics, 20(3): 213–221.
Anuja, Gupta, K. R., Aneja and Gupta, A. (2000). Field efficacy of seed dressing chemicals
on seedling emergence. Seed yield and seed weight in soybean. Seed Research 28(1): 54-58.
Araujo, F. F., Henning, A. A. and Hungria, M. (2005). Phytohormones and antibiotics produced by Bacillus xubtillis and their effects on seed pathogenic fungi and on soybean root development. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 21(8-9): 1639-1645.
Araujo, R. F., Araujo, E. F., Vieira, R. F., Sofiatti, V., Zonta, J. B. and Souza, L. T. (2008). Physiological and Sanitary Quality of Mung beans subjected to post-harvest mechanical processing. Revista Brasileira de Armazenamento, 33(1): 43-51.
Arif M., Jan M. T., Marwat, K. B., & Khan M. A. (2008). Seed priming improves emergence and yield of soybean. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(3): 1169-1177.
Azadi, M. S., & Younesi, E. (2013). The effects of storage on germination characteristics and enzyme activity of sorghum seeds. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 9(4): 289-298.
Balešević-Tubić, S., Malenčić, Ð., Tatić, M., & Miladinović, J., (2005). Influence of aging process on biochemical changes in sunflower seed. Helia, 28(42): 107-114.
Balesevic-Tubic, S., Tactic, M., Dordevic, V., Nikolic, Z., & Dukic, V. (2010). Seed viability of oil crops depending on storage conditions. Helia, 33(52): 153-160.
Bhale, M. S. (2004). Mycoflora associated with soybean seeds, detection and their management. Journal Mycopathological Research, 42(1): 27-29.
Bishaw, Z, Struik, P.C. and Van Gastel, A.J.G., (2010). Wheat Seed system in Ethiopia. Farmers’Varietal Perception, Seed Sources and Seed Management. Journal of New seed, 11(4): 323-347
Bishaw, Z, Struik, P.C. and Van Gastel, A.J.G., (2012). Farmers' Seed Sources and Seed Quality: Physical and Physiological Quality. Journal of Crop Improvement, 26(5): 655-692.
Bortey, H. M., Sadia, A. O. and Asibuo, J. Y. (2016). Influence of Seed Storage Techniques on Germinability and Storability of Cowpea (Vignia Unguilata (L) Walp. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(10): 241-248
Chianu, J. N., Mairura, F., Ekise, I., & Chianu, J. N. (2008). Farm input marketing in western Kenya: Challenges and opportunities. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(3): 167-173.
Chianu, J. N., Ohiokpehai, O., Vanlauwe, B., Adesina, A., De Groote, H., & Sanginga, N. (2009). Promoting a versatile but yet minor crop: Soybean in the farming systems
of Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(4): 324-344.
Chirchir, G. J., Mwangi, M., Nyamongo, D. O. and Gweyi-Onyango, J. P. (2016). Soybean farm-saved seed viability and vigour as influenced by agro-ecological conditions of Meru South Sub-county, Kenya. Journal of Applied Bioscience, 101(1):9634-9642
Costa, N. P., Mesquita, C. M., Franca-Neto, J. B., Maurina, A. C., Krzyzanowski, F. C., Oliveira, M. C. N. and Henning, A. A. (2005). Validation of Ecological Zoning of the State of Parana for seed production cultivars of soybean. Revista Brasileira De Sementes 27(1):37-44.
Demirkaya, M., Dietz, K. J., & Sivritepe, H. O. (2010). Changes in antioxidant enzymes during ageing of onion seeds. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(1):49.
Edmeades, G., Fischer, R. A., & Byerlee, D. (2010). Can we feed the world in 2050: In Proceedings of the New Zealand grassland association 72(1): 35-42).
El-Abady MI, El-Emam A AM, Seadh SE, Yousof F. I. (2012). Soybean Seed Quality as Affected by Cultivars, Threshing Methods and Storage Periods. Research Journal of Seed Science. 3:1-11.
Ellis, M. A., Broaders, K. D., Paul, P. A. and Darrance, A. E. (2011). Infection of soybean seed by Fusarium graminearum and effect of seed treatment on disease under controlled conditions. Plant Disease, 95(4): 401-407.
Ensermu, R., Mwangi, W., Verkuijl, H., Hassena M. and Alemayehu, Z. (1998). Farmers’wheat seed source and seed management in Chilalo auraja, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) p1-36.
Fekadu, A., Wooderson, S. C., Markopoulo, K., Donaldson, C., Papadopoulos, A., & Cleare, A. J. (2009). What happens to patients with treatment-resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies. Journal of affective disorders, 116(1-2): 4-11.
Forsberg, G., Kristensen, L., Eibel, P., Titone, P., & Haiti, W. (2003). Sensitivity of cereal seeds to short duration treatment with hot, humid air. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection, 110 (1): 1-16.
Fujisaka, S., Moody, K., & Ingram, K. (1993). A descriptive study of farming practices for dry seeded rain fed lowland rice in India, Indonesia, and Myanmar. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 45(1-2): 115-128.
Galli, J.A.; Panizzi, R.C.; Vieira, R.D. (2007). Effect of Colletotrichum dermatium var. truncate and Phomopsis sojae in sanitary and physiological quality of soybean seeds. Summa Phytopathologica 33(1): 40–46.
Greven, M.M., McKenzie, B.A., Hampton, J.G., Hill, M.J. and Hill, G.D. (2001). Some factors affecting seed quality during the mechanical threshing of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agronomy New Zealand, 31: 121-126.
International Seed Testing Association, (2015). International rules for seed testing. Basserdorf, Switzerland: International Seed Testing Association
Iqbal, N. A., Basra, S. H. M. A., & Rehman, K. (2002). Evaluation of vigour and oil quality in cottonseed during accelerated aging. International Journal of Agricultural Biology, 4(3): 318-322.
Jha, R. K., Saini, S. L. and Ram, C. (1996). Effect of threshing methods on yield and mechanical damage in soybean. Crop Research, 11: 248-250
Koning, G., Hamman B., Eicker, A., Vener, H. A. and Devan (1995). First report of Fusarium equisetti on South African soybean cultivars. Plant Disease, 79(7): 754
Loowars, N. P. and De Boef, W. S. (2012). Integrated seed sector development in Africa: A conceptual framework for creating coherence between
practices, programs and policies. Journal of Crop improvement, 26(1): 39-59.
Mekbib, F. (2008). Farmers’seed system of sorghum (Sorghum bicolar L. Moench) in the center of diversity: II. Seed quality, storage, protection and security. Journal of New Seeds, 9(3): 191-211.
Marcos Filho, J. (2015). Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Scientia Agricola, 72(4): 363-374.
Misiko, M., Tittonell, P., Ramisch, J. J., Richards, P., & Giller, K. E. (2008). Integrating new soybean varieties for soil fertility management in smallholder systems through participatory research: Lessons from western Kenya. Agricultural Systems, 97(1-2): 1-12.
Myaka, F. A. (2005). Soybean research in the eastern zone Tanzania. In Proceedings of the First National Soybean Stakeholders Workshop pp. 10-11.
Naqvi, S. D. Y., Shiden, T., Merhawi, W. and Mehret, S. (2013). Identification of seed borne fungi on farmer saved sorghum (Sorghum bicolar L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds. Agricultural Science Research Journal 3(4): 107-114.
Odendo, M., & De Groote, H. (2008). Linking farmers to markets: The case of grain marketing information in Western Kenya. African Association of Agricultural Economists Conference Proceedings, 2007 pp.85-89.
Ojiem, J. O., De Ridder, N., Vanlauwe, B., & Giller, K. E. (2006). Socio-ecological niche: a conceptual framework for integration of legumes in smallholder farming systems. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 4(1):79-93.
Oshone, K., Gebeyehu, S., & Tesfaye, K. (2014). Assessment of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seed quality produced under different cropping systems by smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 14(1): 8566-8584.
Pacheco, F. P., Nóbrega, L. H. P., LIMA, G. P. D., Santorum, M., Boller, W., & Formighieri, L. (2015). Physiological Quality of Soybean Seeds under Mechanical Injuries Caused by Combines. Revista Caatinga, 28(4): 190-201.
Pradhan, B. K., & Badola, H. K. (2012). Effect of storage conditions and storage periods on seed germination in eleven populations of Swertia chirayita: a critically endangered medicinal herb in Himalaya. The Scientific World Journal, 1: 1-9.
Rahman, M. H., Sattar, M. A., Salim, M. M. R., Quddus, M. A., & Ali, M. M. (2017). Study on Quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Seed Collected from Different Sources and Locations of Bangladesh. American Journal of Plant Biology, 2(4): 129-135.
Reddy, M. V. B., Kushalappa, A. C., Raghavan, G. S. V., & Stevenson, M. M. P. (1995). Eradication of seedborne Diaporthe phaseolorum in soybean by microwave treatment. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 30(4): 199–204.
Sanginga, N., Dashiell, K. E., Diels, J., Vanlauwe, B., Lyasse, O., Carsky, R. J. & Singh, B. B. (2003). Sustainable resource management coupled to resilient germplasm to provide new intensive cereal–grain–legume–livestock systems in the dry savanna. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 100(2-3), 305-314.
Shovan LR, Bhuiyan A, Suitana N, Begum JA and Pervez Z. (2008). Prevalence of fungi associated with soybean seeds and pathogencity tests of the major seed borne pathogen. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, 3(4): 24-33.
Sinclair, J.B. (1991). Latent infection of soybean plants and seeds by fungi. Plant Disease. 75(3): 220-224.
Singh, D. P. and Agarwal, V. K., (1986). Purple stain of soybean and seed viability. Seed
Research, 14(1), 126.
Singh, K. K., & Dadlani, M. (2003). Effect of packaging on vigour and viability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed during ambient storage. Seed Research-New Delhi-, 31(1): 27-32.
Steel, R.G. and Torrie, J. (1960). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.; New York; Toronto; London.
Surve, U. S., Patil, P. C. and Gagre, K. C. (2015). Response of Soybean Varieties to different Threshing Methods and Storage Periods. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33(2): 1237-1240.
Utoba, E. B., Ogbod, E. N. and Nwogbaga, A. C. (2011). Seedborne mycoflora associated with rice and their influence on growth at Abakaliki, Southeast Agro-Ecology, Nigeria. Libyan Agricultural Research Centre Journal International, 2(2): 79-84.
Van Utrecht, D., Bern, J. C. and Rukunudin, I. H. (2000). Soybean Mechanical Damage Detection. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 16(2): 137-141.
Verma, S. S., Tomer, R. P. S., & Urmil, V. (2003). Loss of viability and vigour in Indian mustard seeds stored under ambient conditions. Seed Research. 31(1): 98-101.
Adetumbi, J. A., Jaime, A., Da Silva, T., & Alamu, O. (2011). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) seed germination indices and yield as affected by length of storage. Seed Science and Biotechnology, 5(1): 11-14.
Adoba et al., 2016 Odoba, A, Odiaka N. I., Gbanguba, A. U., & Bashiru, M. (2016). Germination characteristics of twenty varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) merr.) stored for seven months. Scientia Agriculturae, 13(3), 151-155
Alemu,K. (2014).Seed borne fungal pathogen associated with soybean (Glycine max L.) and their management in Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4(25):14-19.
Al-Faqeeh, T. M. (1997). A survey of lentil seed quality in Jordan. University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan (Doctoral dissertation, Msc Thesis, 97p)
Aliloo, A.A. and Darabinejad, S, 2013. Evaluation of different techniques for breaking seed dormancy of Heliotropium europaeum L. (Boraginanaceae). Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences 7(20): 87-91.
Anna Aladjadjiyan (2010). Effect of microwave irradiation on seeds of lentils (Lens culinaris, med.) Romanian Journal of Biophysics, 20(3): 213–221.
Anuja, Gupta, K. R., Aneja and Gupta, A. (2000). Field efficacy of seed dressing chemicals
on seedling emergence. Seed yield and seed weight in soybean. Seed Research 28(1): 54-58.
Araujo, F. F., Henning, A. A. and Hungria, M. (2005). Phytohormones and antibiotics produced by Bacillus xubtillis and their effects on seed pathogenic fungi and on soybean root development. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 21(8-9): 1639-1645.
Araujo, R. F., Araujo, E. F., Vieira, R. F., Sofiatti, V., Zonta, J. B. and Souza, L. T. (2008). Physiological and Sanitary Quality of Mung beans subjected to post-harvest mechanical processing. Revista Brasileira de Armazenamento, 33(1): 43-51.
Arif M., Jan M. T., Marwat, K. B., & Khan M. A. (2008). Seed priming improves emergence and yield of soybean. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(3): 1169-1177.
Azadi, M. S., & Younesi, E. (2013). The effects of storage on germination characteristics and enzyme activity of sorghum seeds. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 9(4): 289-298.
Balešević-Tubić, S., Malenčić, Ð., Tatić, M., & Miladinović, J., (2005). Influence of aging process on biochemical changes in sunflower seed. Helia, 28(42): 107-114.
Balesevic-Tubic, S., Tactic, M., Dordevic, V., Nikolic, Z., & Dukic, V. (2010). Seed viability of oil crops depending on storage conditions. Helia, 33(52): 153-160.
Bhale, M. S. (2004). Mycoflora associated with soybean seeds, detection and their management. Journal Mycopathological Research, 42(1): 27-29.
Bishaw, Z, Struik, P.C. and Van Gastel, A.J.G., (2010). Wheat Seed system in Ethiopia. Farmers’Varietal Perception, Seed Sources and Seed Management. Journal of New seed, 11(4): 323-347
Bishaw, Z, Struik, P.C. and Van Gastel, A.J.G., (2012). Farmers' Seed Sources and Seed Quality: Physical and Physiological Quality. Journal of Crop Improvement, 26(5): 655-692.
Bortey, H. M., Sadia, A. O. and Asibuo, J. Y. (2016). Influence of Seed Storage Techniques on Germinability and Storability of Cowpea (Vignia Unguilata (L) Walp. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(10): 241-248
Chianu, J. N., Mairura, F., Ekise, I., & Chianu, J. N. (2008). Farm input marketing in western Kenya: Challenges and opportunities. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(3): 167-173.
Chianu, J. N., Ohiokpehai, O., Vanlauwe, B., Adesina, A., De Groote, H., & Sanginga, N. (2009). Promoting a versatile but yet minor crop: Soybean in the farming systems
of Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(4): 324-344.
Chirchir, G. J., Mwangi, M., Nyamongo, D. O. and Gweyi-Onyango, J. P. (2016). Soybean farm-saved seed viability and vigour as influenced by agro-ecological conditions of Meru South Sub-county, Kenya. Journal of Applied Bioscience, 101(1):9634-9642
Costa, N. P., Mesquita, C. M., Franca-Neto, J. B., Maurina, A. C., Krzyzanowski, F. C., Oliveira, M. C. N. and Henning, A. A. (2005). Validation of Ecological Zoning of the State of Parana for seed production cultivars of soybean. Revista Brasileira De Sementes 27(1):37-44.
Demirkaya, M., Dietz, K. J., & Sivritepe, H. O. (2010). Changes in antioxidant enzymes during ageing of onion seeds. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(1):49.
Edmeades, G., Fischer, R. A., & Byerlee, D. (2010). Can we feed the world in 2050: In Proceedings of the New Zealand grassland association 72(1): 35-42).
El-Abady MI, El-Emam A AM, Seadh SE, Yousof F. I. (2012). Soybean Seed Quality as Affected by Cultivars, Threshing Methods and Storage Periods. Research Journal of Seed Science. 3:1-11.
Ellis, M. A., Broaders, K. D., Paul, P. A. and Darrance, A. E. (2011). Infection of soybean seed by Fusarium graminearum and effect of seed treatment on disease under controlled conditions. Plant Disease, 95(4): 401-407.
Ensermu, R., Mwangi, W., Verkuijl, H., Hassena M. and Alemayehu, Z. (1998). Farmers’wheat seed source and seed management in Chilalo auraja, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) p1-36.
Fekadu, A., Wooderson, S. C., Markopoulo, K., Donaldson, C., Papadopoulos, A., & Cleare, A. J. (2009). What happens to patients with treatment-resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies. Journal of affective disorders, 116(1-2): 4-11.
Forsberg, G., Kristensen, L., Eibel, P., Titone, P., & Haiti, W. (2003). Sensitivity of cereal seeds to short duration treatment with hot, humid air. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection, 110 (1): 1-16.
Fujisaka, S., Moody, K., & Ingram, K. (1993). A descriptive study of farming practices for dry seeded rain fed lowland rice in India, Indonesia, and Myanmar. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 45(1-2): 115-128.
Galli, J.A.; Panizzi, R.C.; Vieira, R.D. (2007). Effect of Colletotrichum dermatium var. truncate and Phomopsis sojae in sanitary and physiological quality of soybean seeds. Summa Phytopathologica 33(1): 40–46.
Greven, M.M., McKenzie, B.A., Hampton, J.G., Hill, M.J. and Hill, G.D. (2001). Some factors affecting seed quality during the mechanical threshing of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agronomy New Zealand, 31: 121-126.
International Seed Testing Association, (2015). International rules for seed testing. Basserdorf, Switzerland: International Seed Testing Association
Iqbal, N. A., Basra, S. H. M. A., & Rehman, K. (2002). Evaluation of vigour and oil quality in cottonseed during accelerated aging. International Journal of Agricultural Biology, 4(3): 318-322.
Jha, R. K., Saini, S. L. and Ram, C. (1996). Effect of threshing methods on yield and mechanical damage in soybean. Crop Research, 11: 248-250
Koning, G., Hamman B., Eicker, A., Vener, H. A. and Devan (1995). First report of Fusarium equisetti on South African soybean cultivars. Plant Disease, 79(7): 754
Loowars, N. P. and De Boef, W. S. (2012). Integrated seed sector development in Africa: A conceptual framework for creating coherence between
practices, programs and policies. Journal of Crop improvement, 26(1): 39-59.
Mekbib, F. (2008). Farmers’seed system of sorghum (Sorghum bicolar L. Moench) in the center of diversity: II. Seed quality, storage, protection and security. Journal of New Seeds, 9(3): 191-211.
Marcos Filho, J. (2015). Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Scientia Agricola, 72(4): 363-374.
Misiko, M., Tittonell, P., Ramisch, J. J., Richards, P., & Giller, K. E. (2008). Integrating new soybean varieties for soil fertility management in smallholder systems through participatory research: Lessons from western Kenya. Agricultural Systems, 97(1-2): 1-12.
Myaka, F. A. (2005). Soybean research in the eastern zone Tanzania. In Proceedings of the First National Soybean Stakeholders Workshop pp. 10-11.
Naqvi, S. D. Y., Shiden, T., Merhawi, W. and Mehret, S. (2013). Identification of seed borne fungi on farmer saved sorghum (Sorghum bicolar L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds. Agricultural Science Research Journal 3(4): 107-114.
Odendo, M., & De Groote, H. (2008). Linking farmers to markets: The case of grain marketing information in Western Kenya. African Association of Agricultural Economists Conference Proceedings, 2007 pp.85-89.
Ojiem, J. O., De Ridder, N., Vanlauwe, B., & Giller, K. E. (2006). Socio-ecological niche: a conceptual framework for integration of legumes in smallholder farming systems. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 4(1):79-93.
Oshone, K., Gebeyehu, S., & Tesfaye, K. (2014). Assessment of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seed quality produced under different cropping systems by smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 14(1): 8566-8584.
Pacheco, F. P., Nóbrega, L. H. P., LIMA, G. P. D., Santorum, M., Boller, W., & Formighieri, L. (2015). Physiological Quality of Soybean Seeds under Mechanical Injuries Caused by Combines. Revista Caatinga, 28(4): 190-201.
Pradhan, B. K., & Badola, H. K. (2012). Effect of storage conditions and storage periods on seed germination in eleven populations of Swertia chirayita: a critically endangered medicinal herb in Himalaya. The Scientific World Journal, 1: 1-9.
Rahman, M. H., Sattar, M. A., Salim, M. M. R., Quddus, M. A., & Ali, M. M. (2017). Study on Quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Seed Collected from Different Sources and Locations of Bangladesh. American Journal of Plant Biology, 2(4): 129-135.
Reddy, M. V. B., Kushalappa, A. C., Raghavan, G. S. V., & Stevenson, M. M. P. (1995). Eradication of seedborne Diaporthe phaseolorum in soybean by microwave treatment. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 30(4): 199–204.
Sanginga, N., Dashiell, K. E., Diels, J., Vanlauwe, B., Lyasse, O., Carsky, R. J. & Singh, B. B. (2003). Sustainable resource management coupled to resilient germplasm to provide new intensive cereal–grain–legume–livestock systems in the dry savanna. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 100(2-3), 305-314.
Shovan LR, Bhuiyan A, Suitana N, Begum JA and Pervez Z. (2008). Prevalence of fungi associated with soybean seeds and pathogencity tests of the major seed borne pathogen. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, 3(4): 24-33.
Sinclair, J.B. (1991). Latent infection of soybean plants and seeds by fungi. Plant Disease. 75(3): 220-224.
Singh, D. P. and Agarwal, V. K., (1986). Purple stain of soybean and seed viability. Seed
Research, 14(1), 126.
Singh, K. K., & Dadlani, M. (2003). Effect of packaging on vigour and viability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed during ambient storage. Seed Research-New Delhi-, 31(1): 27-32.
Steel, R.G. and Torrie, J. (1960). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.; New York; Toronto; London.
Surve, U. S., Patil, P. C. and Gagre, K. C. (2015). Response of Soybean Varieties to different Threshing Methods and Storage Periods. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33(2): 1237-1240.
Utoba, E. B., Ogbod, E. N. and Nwogbaga, A. C. (2011). Seedborne mycoflora associated with rice and their influence on growth at Abakaliki, Southeast Agro-Ecology, Nigeria. Libyan Agricultural Research Centre Journal International, 2(2): 79-84.
Van Utrecht, D., Bern, J. C. and Rukunudin, I. H. (2000). Soybean Mechanical Damage Detection. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 16(2): 137-141.
Verma, S. S., Tomer, R. P. S., & Urmil, V. (2003). Loss of viability and vigour in Indian mustard seeds stored under ambient conditions. Seed Research. 31(1): 98-101.
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2021-10-24
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