Providing Assurance Services as a Tool for Improving the Quality of Voluntary Disclosures: A Survey of Users’ Perception
##article.subject##:
Assurance Services, Voluntary Disclosure, Reliability, Quality, Perception
##article.abstract##
Stakeholders often harbour doubts on the credibility of information disclosed voluntarily by companies for fear of management incentives to use them as tool of impression management. This paper assessed users’ perception concerning providing assurance services as a tool for improving the quality of voluntary disclosures. Relevant data were obtained through questionnaire to test three hypotheses formed for the purpose of the study. Empirical results were obtained through one sample t-test, Analysis of Variance and Scheffe Post Hoc Test using SPSS software. Analysis revealed that: Provision of third party assurance statement in the corporate report enhances the reliability of voluntarily disclosed items. Disclosure of management responsibility report will improve the credibility of voluntary disclosures. It was discovered that there was slight difference among the user’ concerning improving the reliability of voluntary disclosures through assurance services. Also cost, non availability of local auditing standards and reporting framework for voluntary disclosures and lack of requisite skills and competencies are critical factors for efficient provision of assurance services. Based on the findings it was recommended among other things that the National Assembly should introduce legislation that require companies disclosing items apart from that statutorily required to provide one form of assurance statement so as to enhance the reliability of such disclosures as well as ensure universal application. Also standard setters, business and civil society groups should cooperate and consequently develop standards that integrate reporting and assurance of voluntary disclosures to strengthen corporate accountability. Companies’ management can voluntarily be providing assurance services to enhance the credibility of their reports bearing in mind that Credible and reliable information are the lifeblood of the capital markets and economic growth.
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Adams, S., Fries, J. and Simnett, R. (2011). The Journey toward Integrated Reporting. Accountants Digest, 558, 1– 41.
Adeyemi, B. S. and Fagbemi, T. O. (2010). Audit Quality, Corporate Governance and Firm Characteristics in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(5), 169-179.
Aeppel, T. 1993. Firms reveal more details of environmental efforts but still don’t tell all. Wall Street Journal (December 13): B1.
Alsan A. and Hermansson C. (2014). The development of Integrated reporting as a tool for external communication – A case study of Volvo Group and SKF Master Degree Project in Accounting School of Business Economics and Law University of Gothenburg. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/37129/1/gupea_2077_37129_1.pdf
Apostolou, A. (2000). Factors on voluntary accounting information by Greek companies. Spoudai, 50, No 1-2,87-109. http://digilib.lib.unipi.gr/spoudai/bitstream/spoudai/176/1/t50_n1-2_87to109.pdf
Arnold M. F. (2014). Non-Financial Performance Metrics for Corporate Responsibility Reporting Revisitedwww.som.cranfield.ac.uk/.../Doughty%
Arsov S. and Naumoski A. (2014). Transparency and Disclosure Practices in Selected Post Transition Economies. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(16).
Ball, A., Owen, D. L. & Gray, R. (2000) External Transparency or Internal Capture? The Role of Third-Party Statements in adding value to Environmental Corporate Reports. Business Strategy and the Environment 9, 1-23
Beasley, M. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between board of director compensation and financial statement fraud. The Accounting Review, 71(4), 443-466
Beets, S. D. and Souther, C. C. (1999) Corporate Environmental Reports: The Need for Standards and an Environmental Assurance Service. American Accounting Association Accounting Horizons. 13 (2) pp. 129–145
Boesso, G., & Kumar, K. (2007). Drivers of corporate voluntary disclosure: a framework and empirical evidence from Italy and the United States. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 20(2), 269-296.
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Chan, K. C., Farrell, B. & Lee, P. (2008). Earnings Management of Firms Reporting Material Internal Control Weaknesses under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 27(2), 161–179.
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Coates, J. C. (2007). The Goals and Promise of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Journal of Economic Perspective, 21(1), 91-116.
Coram, P. J. (2005). The effect of voluntary disclosure of non-financial performance: indicators on company valuation judgments: an experimental analysis. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/7463
Cohen, J., Krishnamorthy, G. & Wright, A. (2004). The corporate governance mosaic and financial reporting quality. Journal of Accounting Literature, 23, 87-152.
Coram, P and Monroe, G. (2004). The Joint Effect of Voluntary Non-Financial Disclosure and Assurance on Company Valuation Judgments. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237406528
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Christina Chiang, Deryl Northcott, (2010). The audit consideration of environmental matters: Best practice or business as usual? Pacific Accounting Review, 22(3), pp.199 – 223
Dando, N. and Swift, T. (2003). Transparency and Assurance Minding the Credibility Gap. Journal of Business Ethics, 44(2-3), pp 195-200
Dechow, P., Sloan, R. and Sweeney, A. (1996). Causes and Consequences of earnings Manipulation: An analysis of firm’s subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research 13(1): 1-36
Doyle, J., Ge, W. & McVay, S. (2007). Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 44(1) 193-223
Everingham G. and Kana S. (2008). Corporate Reporting 8th Edition Juta and Co Ltd Lansdowne
Global Environmental Management Initiative GEMI (1996). Environmental Reporting and Third Party Statements Prepared by- Investor Responsibility Research Center IRRC
Feyitimi, O. (2014). The Level of Financial Information Disclosure and Corporate Attributes in Developing Economy. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(3), 176-188.
Fullerton, J. (2010). A CEO’s letter to her Board of Directors in The Landscape of Integrated Reporting Reflections and Next Steps Eccles R.G., Cheng B., and Saltzman D. ed. Harvard Business School.
Fischer, B. Gral, B and Lehner, O. (2014). Evaluating sox section 404: costs, benefits and earnings management. ACRN Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives, 3(1), 43-55.
Financial Reporting Policy Committee of the Financial Accounting and Reporting Section of the American Accounting Association (2014). Response to the Exposure Draft on Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) www.fasb.org/.../BlobServer?...
GAA_Roundtables_Publication_December (2009). Making financial reporting simpler and more useful. http://www.focusifrs.com/content/view/full/5085
Gibson C. H. (2013). Financial reporting and analysis: using financial accounting information, 13th ed. Manson, South-Western Cengage.
Global Reporting Initiative or DiBenedetto B. (2014). Third Party Quality Assurance for Sustainability Reports on the Rise http://www.triplepundit.com/2014/08/external-assurance-sustainability-reporting-rise/
Global Reporting Initiative (2013) The external assurance of sustainability reporting https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-Assurance.pdf
Global Reporting Initiative (2013) Trends in External Assurance of Sustainability Reports: Spotlight on the USA. https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-Assurance-Survey-2013.pdf
Hasan, M., Maijoor, S., Mock, T. J., Roebuck, P., Simnett, R. and Vanstraelen, A. (2005). The Different Types of Assurance Services and Levels of Assurance Provided. International Journal of Auditing, 9, 91-102.
Heffes, E. (2005). The Relevance of Reliability: An Update on the FASB and IASB Joint Conceptual Framework Project. Financial Executive, pp. 15-18.
Healy, P. M., and Palepu, K. G. (2000). A review of empirical disclosure literature, Prepared for JAE Conference.
Healy, P. M. and Palepu, K. G. (2001). Information asymmetry, corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: A review of the empirical disclosure literature. Journal of accounting and economics, 31(10) 405-440.
Healy, P., Hutton A., and Palepu K. G. (1999) Stock performance and intermediation changes surrounding sustained increases in disclosure, Contemporary Accounting Research 16. 485-520.
Huang, Z. (2008) A Study on the Supervision System with Voluntary Information Disclosure in Chinese Listed Companies.International Journal of Business and Management, 3(6)
Huang, C. and Kung, F. (2010). Drivers of Environmental Disclosure and Stakeholder Expectation: Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(3), 435-451.http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-010-0476-3
IASB (1989). Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. London.
IASB (2008). Exposure Draft on an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: The Objective of Financial Reporting and Qualitative Characteristics of Decision-useful Financial Reporting Information. London.
Institute of Chartered Accountants Australia (2014). Integrated Reporting – a guide for Audit Committees in Australia and New Zealand
Iliev, P. (2010). The Effect of SOX Section 404: Costs, Earnings Quality, and Stock Prices. The Journal of Finance, LXV (3), 1163-1196.
Integrated Reporting Committee of South Africa (IRCSA) (2011). Framework for Integrated Reporting and the Integrated Report. http://www.sustainabilitysa.org
International Federation of Accountants IFAC (2005). International Framework for Assurance Engagements. www.ifac.org/.../files/downloads/b003-2010-iaasb-handbook-framework
Jonas, G. & Blanchet, J. (2000). Assessing Quality of Financial Reporting. Accounting Horizons, 14(3), 353-363
Kanodia C. (2007). Accounting Disclosure and Real Effects, Hanover, Now Publishers Inc.
Kass A. (2012). Towards mainstreaming integrated reporting - theoretical landscape and practical insights. http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/192043/towards-mainstreaming-integrated-reporting-theoretical-landscape
KPMG (2008). Sustainability Reporting: A guide https://www.kpmg.com/CN/en/.../Documents/sustainable-guide-0811.pdf
KPMG (2014). Third Party Attestation Reporting (SOC Reports) and Role of Internal Audit. The Institute of Internal Auditors. https://chapters.theiia.org/.../Third%20Party%20Attestation%20Reporting
Krishnan, J., Rama, D. & Zhang, Y. (2008). Costs to comply with SOX Section 404. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 27(1), 169-186
Lambert, R., Leuz, C., Verrecchia, R.E. (2007). Accounting information, disclosure, and the cost of capital, Journal of Accounting Research, 45: 385–420.
Lewis P. and Pendrill D. (2004). Advanced financial accounting 7th edition Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd.
Li, C., Sun, L. & Ettredge, M. (2010). Financial executive qualifications, financial executive turnover, and adverse SOX 404 opinions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 93-110.
Maines, L. & Wahlen, J. (2006). The Nature of Accounting Information Reliability: Inferences from Archival and Experimental Research. Accounting Horizons, 20(4), 399- 425.
McMullen, D. A. (1996). Audit Committee Performance: An Investigation of the Consequences associated with audit committee. Auditing: A Journal of Theory and Practice, 15 (1), pp. 87 – 103.
Ostberg P. (2006). Disclosure, investment and regulation: Journal of Financial Intermediation, 15(3), p 285-306).
Plumlee D., and Plumlee, M. (2008). Assurance on XBRL for Financial Reporting. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1104245 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1104245
Préfontaine, J., Desrochers, J., Godbout, L. (2009). The Informational Content of Voluntary Embedded Value (EV) Financial Disclosures by Canadian Life Insurance Companies. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 8(12), pp. 1-14
Rezaee, Z. (2003). High-quality financial reporting: The six-legged stool. Strategic Finance, 84(8), 26-30.
Rezaee, Z. & Riley, R. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection, 2nd Ed. Hoboken New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp xi, 12 – 284
Rezaee, Z., & Riley, R. (2011). Financial Statement Fraud Prevention and Detection 2nd ed. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons.
Rimmel, G. (2004). Users' Perceptions of Human Resource Disclosures: A Comparison of Annual Report Users of Two Corporations
Sawyer, L. B., Dittenhofer, M. A., & Scheiner, J. H. (2005). Sawyer’s Internal Auditing: The Practise of Modern Internal Auditing, 5th edition, The Institute of Internal Auditors, pp.1115- 1116.
Sloan, R. (2001). Financial accounting and corporate governance: A discussion. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 32, 335-347.
Stream, C. (2015). What is management’s responsibility statement? http://www.ehow.com/facts_7584703_managements-responsibility-statement.html?
Stocken, P. C. (2000). Credibility of Voluntary Disclosure. The RAND Journal of Economics, 31(2), pp. 359-374 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601045
Tapscott, D., & Ticoll, D. (2003). The naked corporation, New York, The Free Press technology, September issue, New York, New York University
United States Securities and Exchange Commission US SEC (2009). Study of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Section 404 Internal Control over Financial Reporting Requirements. www.sec.gov/news/studies/2009/sox-404_study.pdf
Uwuigbe, U., Peter, D. S., and Oyeniyi, A. (2014). The effects of corporate governance mechanisms on earnings management of listed firms in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems, 13(1), 159-174.
Zadek, S., Raynard, P., Forstater, M., & Oelschlaegel, J. (2004). The future of sustainability assurance. ACCA Research Report. http://www.accountability.org/images/content/1/2/121/FOSA%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf
Zutshi, A. and Sohal, A. (2003). Environmental management system auditing within Australasian. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(8), pp.637-648. http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30004168/zutshi-environmentalmanagement-post-2003.pdf
AccountAbility (2008). AA 1000 Assurance Standard. London http://www.accountability.org/images/content/0/5/056/AA1000AS%202008.pdf
Accounting Standards Board (2009). A review of narrative reporting by U.K. listed companies in 2008/2009, London Financial Reporting Council.
AICPA (1994/2011) Improving Business Reporting-A Customer Focus http://www.aicpa.org/interestareas/frc/accountingfinancialreporting/downloadabledocuments/jenkins%20committee%20report.pdf
AICPA (2014) What to Know about Third Party Verification Letters (Often Referred to as Comfort Letters) www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/Pages/SSAE.aspx
AICPA (2013) Assurance Services: A white paper for providers and users of business information. http://www.aicpa.org/InterestAreas/FRC/AssuranceAdvisoryServices/DownloadableDocuments/ASEC_WP_Providers_Users_BI.PDF
Adams, S., Fries, J. and Simnett, R. (2011). The Journey toward Integrated Reporting. Accountants Digest, 558, 1– 41.
Adeyemi, B. S. and Fagbemi, T. O. (2010). Audit Quality, Corporate Governance and Firm Characteristics in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(5), 169-179.
Aeppel, T. 1993. Firms reveal more details of environmental efforts but still don’t tell all. Wall Street Journal (December 13): B1.
Alsan A. and Hermansson C. (2014). The development of Integrated reporting as a tool for external communication – A case study of Volvo Group and SKF Master Degree Project in Accounting School of Business Economics and Law University of Gothenburg. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/37129/1/gupea_2077_37129_1.pdf
Apostolou, A. (2000). Factors on voluntary accounting information by Greek companies. Spoudai, 50, No 1-2,87-109. http://digilib.lib.unipi.gr/spoudai/bitstream/spoudai/176/1/t50_n1-2_87to109.pdf
Arnold M. F. (2014). Non-Financial Performance Metrics for Corporate Responsibility Reporting Revisitedwww.som.cranfield.ac.uk/.../Doughty%
Arsov S. and Naumoski A. (2014). Transparency and Disclosure Practices in Selected Post Transition Economies. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(16).
Ball, A., Owen, D. L. & Gray, R. (2000) External Transparency or Internal Capture? The Role of Third-Party Statements in adding value to Environmental Corporate Reports. Business Strategy and the Environment 9, 1-23
Beasley, M. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between board of director compensation and financial statement fraud. The Accounting Review, 71(4), 443-466
Beets, S. D. and Souther, C. C. (1999) Corporate Environmental Reports: The Need for Standards and an Environmental Assurance Service. American Accounting Association Accounting Horizons. 13 (2) pp. 129–145
Boesso, G., & Kumar, K. (2007). Drivers of corporate voluntary disclosure: a framework and empirical evidence from Italy and the United States. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 20(2), 269-296.
Boritz, J.E. & No. W. G. (2008). Auditing an XBRL Instance Document: The Case of United Technologies Corporation. Working paper, University of Waterloo
Chan, K. C., Farrell, B. & Lee, P. (2008). Earnings Management of Firms Reporting Material Internal Control Weaknesses under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 27(2), 161–179.
Charles River Associates (2004). The cost and benefits of management reporting and auditor attestation on internal controls over financial reporting. Report prepared for Ontario securities commission.
Coates, J. C. (2007). The Goals and Promise of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Journal of Economic Perspective, 21(1), 91-116.
Coram, P. J. (2005). The effect of voluntary disclosure of non-financial performance: indicators on company valuation judgments: an experimental analysis. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/7463
Cohen, J., Krishnamorthy, G. & Wright, A. (2004). The corporate governance mosaic and financial reporting quality. Journal of Accounting Literature, 23, 87-152.
Coram, P and Monroe, G. (2004). The Joint Effect of Voluntary Non-Financial Disclosure and Assurance on Company Valuation Judgments. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237406528
Corporate Knights Capital CKC (2014). Measuring Sustainability Disclosure: Ranking the world’s Stock Exchanges www.CKC__Sustainability_Disclosure_2014.pdf
Crow, J (2003). Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting: An International Perspective Report on a Report. Financial System Review.www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/fsr-0604-crow.pdf
Christina Chiang, Deryl Northcott, (2010). The audit consideration of environmental matters: Best practice or business as usual? Pacific Accounting Review, 22(3), pp.199 – 223
Dando, N. and Swift, T. (2003). Transparency and Assurance Minding the Credibility Gap. Journal of Business Ethics, 44(2-3), pp 195-200
Dechow, P., Sloan, R. and Sweeney, A. (1996). Causes and Consequences of earnings Manipulation: An analysis of firm’s subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research 13(1): 1-36
Doyle, J., Ge, W. & McVay, S. (2007). Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 44(1) 193-223
Everingham G. and Kana S. (2008). Corporate Reporting 8th Edition Juta and Co Ltd Lansdowne
Global Environmental Management Initiative GEMI (1996). Environmental Reporting and Third Party Statements Prepared by- Investor Responsibility Research Center IRRC
Feyitimi, O. (2014). The Level of Financial Information Disclosure and Corporate Attributes in Developing Economy. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(3), 176-188.
Fullerton, J. (2010). A CEO’s letter to her Board of Directors in The Landscape of Integrated Reporting Reflections and Next Steps Eccles R.G., Cheng B., and Saltzman D. ed. Harvard Business School.
Fischer, B. Gral, B and Lehner, O. (2014). Evaluating sox section 404: costs, benefits and earnings management. ACRN Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives, 3(1), 43-55.
Financial Reporting Policy Committee of the Financial Accounting and Reporting Section of the American Accounting Association (2014). Response to the Exposure Draft on Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) www.fasb.org/.../BlobServer?...
GAA_Roundtables_Publication_December (2009). Making financial reporting simpler and more useful. http://www.focusifrs.com/content/view/full/5085
Gibson C. H. (2013). Financial reporting and analysis: using financial accounting information, 13th ed. Manson, South-Western Cengage.
Global Reporting Initiative or DiBenedetto B. (2014). Third Party Quality Assurance for Sustainability Reports on the Rise http://www.triplepundit.com/2014/08/external-assurance-sustainability-reporting-rise/
Global Reporting Initiative (2013) The external assurance of sustainability reporting https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-Assurance.pdf
Global Reporting Initiative (2013) Trends in External Assurance of Sustainability Reports: Spotlight on the USA. https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-Assurance-Survey-2013.pdf
Hasan, M., Maijoor, S., Mock, T. J., Roebuck, P., Simnett, R. and Vanstraelen, A. (2005). The Different Types of Assurance Services and Levels of Assurance Provided. International Journal of Auditing, 9, 91-102.
Heffes, E. (2005). The Relevance of Reliability: An Update on the FASB and IASB Joint Conceptual Framework Project. Financial Executive, pp. 15-18.
Healy, P. M., and Palepu, K. G. (2000). A review of empirical disclosure literature, Prepared for JAE Conference.
Healy, P. M. and Palepu, K. G. (2001). Information asymmetry, corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: A review of the empirical disclosure literature. Journal of accounting and economics, 31(10) 405-440.
Healy, P., Hutton A., and Palepu K. G. (1999) Stock performance and intermediation changes surrounding sustained increases in disclosure, Contemporary Accounting Research 16. 485-520.
Huang, Z. (2008) A Study on the Supervision System with Voluntary Information Disclosure in Chinese Listed Companies.International Journal of Business and Management, 3(6)
Huang, C. and Kung, F. (2010). Drivers of Environmental Disclosure and Stakeholder Expectation: Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(3), 435-451.http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-010-0476-3
IASB (1989). Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. London.
IASB (2008). Exposure Draft on an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: The Objective of Financial Reporting and Qualitative Characteristics of Decision-useful Financial Reporting Information. London.
Institute of Chartered Accountants Australia (2014). Integrated Reporting – a guide for Audit Committees in Australia and New Zealand
Iliev, P. (2010). The Effect of SOX Section 404: Costs, Earnings Quality, and Stock Prices. The Journal of Finance, LXV (3), 1163-1196.
Integrated Reporting Committee of South Africa (IRCSA) (2011). Framework for Integrated Reporting and the Integrated Report. http://www.sustainabilitysa.org
International Federation of Accountants IFAC (2005). International Framework for Assurance Engagements. www.ifac.org/.../files/downloads/b003-2010-iaasb-handbook-framework
Jonas, G. & Blanchet, J. (2000). Assessing Quality of Financial Reporting. Accounting Horizons, 14(3), 353-363
Kanodia C. (2007). Accounting Disclosure and Real Effects, Hanover, Now Publishers Inc.
Kass A. (2012). Towards mainstreaming integrated reporting - theoretical landscape and practical insights. http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/192043/towards-mainstreaming-integrated-reporting-theoretical-landscape
KPMG (2008). Sustainability Reporting: A guide https://www.kpmg.com/CN/en/.../Documents/sustainable-guide-0811.pdf
KPMG (2014). Third Party Attestation Reporting (SOC Reports) and Role of Internal Audit. The Institute of Internal Auditors. https://chapters.theiia.org/.../Third%20Party%20Attestation%20Reporting
Krishnan, J., Rama, D. & Zhang, Y. (2008). Costs to comply with SOX Section 404. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 27(1), 169-186
Lambert, R., Leuz, C., Verrecchia, R.E. (2007). Accounting information, disclosure, and the cost of capital, Journal of Accounting Research, 45: 385–420.
Lewis P. and Pendrill D. (2004). Advanced financial accounting 7th edition Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd.
Li, C., Sun, L. & Ettredge, M. (2010). Financial executive qualifications, financial executive turnover, and adverse SOX 404 opinions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 93-110.
Maines, L. & Wahlen, J. (2006). The Nature of Accounting Information Reliability: Inferences from Archival and Experimental Research. Accounting Horizons, 20(4), 399- 425.
McMullen, D. A. (1996). Audit Committee Performance: An Investigation of the Consequences associated with audit committee. Auditing: A Journal of Theory and Practice, 15 (1), pp. 87 – 103.
Ostberg P. (2006). Disclosure, investment and regulation: Journal of Financial Intermediation, 15(3), p 285-306).
Plumlee D., and Plumlee, M. (2008). Assurance on XBRL for Financial Reporting. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1104245 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1104245
Préfontaine, J., Desrochers, J., Godbout, L. (2009). The Informational Content of Voluntary Embedded Value (EV) Financial Disclosures by Canadian Life Insurance Companies. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 8(12), pp. 1-14
Rezaee, Z. (2003). High-quality financial reporting: The six-legged stool. Strategic Finance, 84(8), 26-30.
Rezaee, Z. & Riley, R. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection, 2nd Ed. Hoboken New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp xi, 12 – 284
Rezaee, Z., & Riley, R. (2011). Financial Statement Fraud Prevention and Detection 2nd ed. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons.
Rimmel, G. (2004). Users' Perceptions of Human Resource Disclosures: A Comparison of Annual Report Users of Two Corporations
Sawyer, L. B., Dittenhofer, M. A., & Scheiner, J. H. (2005). Sawyer’s Internal Auditing: The Practise of Modern Internal Auditing, 5th edition, The Institute of Internal Auditors, pp.1115- 1116.
Sloan, R. (2001). Financial accounting and corporate governance: A discussion. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 32, 335-347.
Stream, C. (2015). What is management’s responsibility statement? http://www.ehow.com/facts_7584703_managements-responsibility-statement.html?
Stocken, P. C. (2000). Credibility of Voluntary Disclosure. The RAND Journal of Economics, 31(2), pp. 359-374 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601045
Tapscott, D., & Ticoll, D. (2003). The naked corporation, New York, The Free Press technology, September issue, New York, New York University
United States Securities and Exchange Commission US SEC (2009). Study of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Section 404 Internal Control over Financial Reporting Requirements. www.sec.gov/news/studies/2009/sox-404_study.pdf
Uwuigbe, U., Peter, D. S., and Oyeniyi, A. (2014). The effects of corporate governance mechanisms on earnings management of listed firms in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems, 13(1), 159-174.
Zadek, S., Raynard, P., Forstater, M., & Oelschlaegel, J. (2004). The future of sustainability assurance. ACCA Research Report. http://www.accountability.org/images/content/1/2/121/FOSA%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf
Zutshi, A. and Sohal, A. (2003). Environmental management system auditing within Australasian. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(8), pp.637-648. http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30004168/zutshi-environmentalmanagement-post-2003.pdf
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2018-04-04
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Articles
