The Effects of Suspended Solids on Oreochromis niloticus Filter Feeding Selection Mechanism and Ingestion of Microcystis aeruginosa
##article.subject##:
algae, silt, sand, ingestion, filter-feeding
##article.abstract##
Oreochromis niloticus species are filter feeder having gill raker on the bronchial arch modified to selectively sieve suspended solids into the alimentary canal. They have pharyngeal teeth for breaking algae cells and produce gastric acid that lyses blue-green algae in the stomach. Silt particles obtained from the bottom mud collected from Airthrey Loch (Lake) were passed through a series of sieves down to 63μm were used and sand particles used were also sieved through a series of sieves down to 68μm. O. niloticus fed on micro-pelleted diet of mean weight of 7.50 mg reared in re-cycled water system maintained at 270C were put into aerated three 5 litre experimental tanks with two replicates and control. Concentrations of 50 and 150mg/l of sand and algae and the same for silt and algae were introduced in the tanks to which 50 and 150mg/l dry weight of algae were added respectively. Experimental fish were left for 8 hours then removed and killed by piercing using a scalpel at the back of the brain at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after feeding. The gill arches were carefully removed and put into a Petri-dish and particles observed under dissecting microscope. The stomach and gut contents were removed by micro-pipette and put on a microscope slide and examined under microscope. In this study, it was found that silt particles were entangled and bound in the copious mucus of the gill structures but not algae and sand particles. The stomach and gut contents had algae and silt particles which proved difficult to quantify because the remnants of ingested particles invariably included both detritus material. Sand particles were not seen in the entire gill apparatus stomach and gut. Thus it can be concluded that silt and algae particles are ingested but not sand particles.
References
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McNally, J. (1988), The effect of suspended silt and sand particles on growth of the phytoplankton feeding tilapia, Sarotherodon galilaeus.
Moriarty, C.M. and Moriarty, D.J.W (1973), Quantitative estimation of the daily ingestion of phytoplankton by Tilapia niloticus and Haplochromis nigripinnis in Lake George, Ugandi, J. Zool. Lond. 171: 15-23.
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Newcombe C.P and J.O.T. Jensen (1996), Channel Suspended Sediment and Fisheries: A Synthesis for Quantitative Assessment of Risk and Impact. North American Fisheries Management 16:693-727.
Northcott, M.E., Beveridge, M.C.M., Ross., L.G., (1991), A laboratory investigation of the filtration and ingestion rates of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, feeding on two species of blue-green algae. Environ. Biol. Fishes 31-75-85.
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Perry, R.H. and Chitton, C.H (1973), Chemical Engineers Handbook, Fifth Ed.
Sarig S and M. Marek (1974), Results of intensive and semi-intensive fish breeding techniques in Israel in 1971 – 1973 – Mamidgeh, 26(2), 28-48.
Whitehead, P.J. (1959), Feeding Mechanism of Tilapia nigra, Nature, Lond. 184: 1509-1510.
Ahmad, M.R. (1966), Observations on the effect of feeding Labeho rohita (Ham) with Microcystis aeroginosa (Kutz) Hydrobiologia 29: 388-392.
Alabaster, J. and Llyod (1982). Water quality criteria for freshwater fish, 2nd Ed. London. Published by FAO, Butterworth Publishers.
Boyd, G.E. (1976). Nitrogen fertilizer effects on production of tilapia in ponds fertilized with phosphorus and potassium. Aquaculture 7(4); 385-390.
Boyd, C.E., (1990) Water quality in ponds for Agriculture. Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station, Auburn University,
Alikunhi, K.H. (1957) Fish culture in India. Farm Bull. No. 20 I.C.A.R Publication
Appler, H.N. and Juncey, K. (1982), The utilization of a filamentous green alga (Cladophora glomerata) as a protein source in pelleted feeds for Sarotherdon niloticus fingerlings. Aquaculture.
Balarin, J.D. and Hatton, J.P. (1979) Tilapia. A guide to their Biology and Culture in Africa. University of Stirling Press.
Bardach, J.E et al (1972) Aquaculture pp. 868, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane.
Beveridge, M.C.M. et al (1988a) The function of microbranchiospines in tilapias (Chichlidae: Tilapiini). In Proc.Of the 2nd International Sympossium on Tilapias in Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand. March 16-19-1987,
Beveridge, M.C.M. et al (1988b) The occurrence, structure and development of microbrachiospines among the tilapias (Cichlidae: Tilapiini)
Bowen, H. (1976) Mechanism for digestion of detrital bacteria by the Cichlid fish Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters). Nature, London 260 (5547); 137.
Boehlert G.W and J.B Morgan (1985), Turbidity enhances feeding abilities of larval Pacific Herring, Clupeaharenguspallasi. Hydrobiologia, 123:161-170.
Briggs, M.R.P. (1985). The Structure and function of Tilapia microbranchiospine with special reference to filter-feeding; M.Sc. Thesis. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling.
Bruton, M.N (1985). The effects of suspensoids on fish. Hydrobiolgia, 125:221-241.
Coche, A.G (1982) Cage culture of Tilapias pp. 205-246. In: RSV Pullin and R.H Lowe- The fish food and the role of Plankton compounds – Nat – Aca-Sci. 29 B, IV 190-196.
Deelder. C.L (1970) Synopsis of biological information oni the eel, Anguilla anguilla. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 80, Rome, Italy.
de Moor, F., Wilknson, R.C, Herbest, H.M., (1986). Food and feeding habits of Oreochromis mossambicus in hypertropic Hartbeespoort Dam. S. Afr. J. Zool. 21, 170-175.
Doan, K.H. (1941), Relation of sauger catch to turbidity in Lake Erie. Ohio, J. Science, 41(6): 449-452.
Drenner, R.W. et al (1984), Particles-Grazing and Plankton Community impact of an Omnivorous cichlid – Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 113: 397-402.
Fish, G.R. (1952), Digestion in Tilapia esculenta, Nature, London 167: 900-901.
Fish, G.R. (1955), The food of tilapia in East Africa, Vgarden J. 19: 85-89.
Fryer, G. and Iles, E.D. (1972), The Chichlid fishes of the great lakes of Africa. Their Biology and evolution. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
Getachew, T., (1987), A study on an herbivores fish, Oreochromis niloticus, diet and its quality in two Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes, Awasa and Zwai. J. Fish Biol. 30, 439-499.
Greenwood, P.H, (1974) Cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria, E. Africa. The Biology and evolution of a species flock. British Museum London.
Gregory, R.S. (1991), Foraging behaviour and perceived predation risk of juvenile Chinook salmon, Onchorhynchustshawytscha, in turbid laboratory conditions. Canadian J. Fisheries Aquatic Sciences, 50:233-240.
Han, X., Rosati, R and webb, J., 1996. Correlation of particle size distribution of solid waste to fish feed composition in an aquaculture recirculation system. In: Success and failure in Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture, pp257 -278, Virgin – Tech, Roanoke, Virginia,USA
Hyatt, K.D. (1979) Feeding Strategy pp. 71-113. In W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randal and J.R Brett. Fish Physiology Volume VIII, Bioenergetics and Growth. Academic Press.
Hofer, R., Schiemer, F., (1983) Feeding ecology, assimilation efficiencies and energetics of two herbivorous fish: Tilapia mossambicus and Puntius filamentosus. In: Schiemer, F. (Ed), Limnoloty of Parakrama Samudra-Sri Lanka. A case study of an Ancient Man-made lake in the Trophic. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 155-164.
Ives, K.J. (1959), significance of surface electric charge on Algae in water purification. J. of Biochem and Microbiological Technology and Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1 pp 37-47.
Ivler, V.S., (1961), Experimental Ecology of the Feeding of Fishes. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT, USA, pp. 19-40.
Johnson, H.P and J.L Baker (1982), Field-to-stream transport of agricultural chemicals and sediment in an lowa watershed, Part 1: Data base for model testing (1976-1978). ERA-600/53-82-032, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
Lagler, K.F. et al (1977) Ichthyology, Wiley and Sons, New York, London.
Lavole, A. and Noue, J. de la (1988) J. World Mariculture Society 14: 685-694 (Harvesting Microalgae with chitosan)
Le Roux, P.J (1956) Feeding habits of the young of four species of Tilapia S. Africa, J. Sci. 53 (2): 33-37.
Lin, C.K., 1996. Clarias and Tilapia Interaction in Polyculture. CESP Research Report 96-94. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Office of International Research And Development, Oregon State University
Loder, T.C and Liss, P.S. (1985), Limnol, Oceanogra, (Control by organic coatings of the surface charge of estuarine suspended particles).
Loch, J.S. (1974), Phenotypic variation in the lake. Whitefish Coregonus chipeaformis induced by introduction into a new environment. J. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 31 (1): 55-62.
McDonald, M.E., (1985a) Carbon budgets for a phytoplanktivorous fish fed three different unialgal populations. Oecologia 66, 246 – 249.
McDonald, M.E., (1985b). Growth of a grazing phytoplanktivorous fish and growth enhancement of grazed alga. Oecologia 67, 13 – 136.
McNally, J. (1988), The effect of suspended silt and sand particles on growth of the phytoplankton feeding tilapia, Sarotherodon galilaeus.
Moriarty, C.M. and Moriarty, D.J.W (1973), Quantitative estimation of the daily ingestion of phytoplankton by Tilapia niloticus and Haplochromis nigripinnis in Lake George, Ugandi, J. Zool. Lond. 171: 15-23.
Newcombe, C.P (2003). Impact Assessment for Clear Water Fisheries Exposed to Excessively Cloudy Water. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39(3): 529-544.
Newcombe C.P and J.O.T. Jensen (1996), Channel Suspended Sediment and Fisheries: A Synthesis for Quantitative Assessment of Risk and Impact. North American Fisheries Management 16:693-727.
Northcott, M.E., Beveridge, M.C.M., Ross., L.G., (1991), A laboratory investigation of the filtration and ingestion rates of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, feeding on two species of blue-green algae. Environ. Biol. Fishes 31-75-85.
Olendi R. (2014). The Effects of Suspended Particles on Opercula Beats and Cough Rates in Oreochromis niloticus (Bangkok Strain). African Journal of Education, Science and Technology. Vol.2 No.3, ISSN: 2309,
Perry, R.H. and Chitton, C.H (1973), Chemical Engineers Handbook, Fifth Ed.
Sarig S and M. Marek (1974), Results of intensive and semi-intensive fish breeding techniques in Israel in 1971 – 1973 – Mamidgeh, 26(2), 28-48.
Whitehead, P.J. (1959), Feeding Mechanism of Tilapia nigra, Nature, Lond. 184: 1509-1510.
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2018-03-13
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