Opportunities and Barriers for the Development of Biogas Technologies in Kenya
##article.subject##:
Organic Waste, Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas Plants
##article.abstract##
The development of technologies for waste treatment, simultaneously with minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, has become a matter of great concern at global level. Biogas systems can help in the fight against global warming by avoiding to escape methane from organic waste, into the atmosphere. Biogas technology is of great benefit to the end users and the environment by energy, compost and nutrient recovery. Kenya is a country with a huge biomass potential. Implementing of biogas technology could be a proper solution for waste treatment and producing of electricity from renewable energy sources, as stipulated in the national constitution. This paper presents an overview on the current status of biogas technologies in Kenya and the main obstacles that have slowed down the development of this technology in the context of the major political and economic changes registered in Kenya industry. There are mentioned the main benefits which biogas plants could bring to the environment and also some common problems with biogas plants which have been noticed in Kenya.
References
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Butchaiah, G. (2006). Economic Utilisation of Biogas as a Renewable Fuel for Fuel cell. The 2nd Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2006), 21-23 November 2006, Bangkok, Thailand.
Fischer, T., & Krieg, A. (2005). Agricultural Biogas Plants – Worldwide, Krieg and Fischer Indenieure GmbH. Retrieved from http://www.KriegFischer.de.
Holm-Nielsen, J. B., Al Seadi, T., & Oleskowicz-Popiel P. (2009). The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization.
Bioresour. Technol., 100, 5478-5484.
Karanja, G. M., & Kiruiro, E. M. (2003). Biogas production. KARI Technical Note Series No. 10. Nairobi.
Katima, J. H. (2001). Production of biogas from water hyacinth: Effect of substrate concentration, particle size and incubation period. Tanz. J. Sci., 27, 107-119.
Kivaisi, A. K. (2002). Pretreatment of robusta coffee hulls and co-digestion with cow-dung for enhanced anaerobic digestion. Tanz.
J. Sci., 28, 1-10.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Eliapenda, S. (1994). Pretreatment of baggasse and coconut fibres for enhanced anaerobic degradation by rumen microorganisms. Renew. Energ., 5: 5-8.
Kivaisi, A. K., and Eliapenda, S. (1995). Application of rumen microorganisms for enhanced anaerobic degradation of baggasse and maize bran. Biomass Bioenerg., 8, 45-50.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Mtila, M. (2001). Production of biogas from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (Mart) (Solms) in a two-stage bioreactor. World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 14, 125-131.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Mukisa, J. (2000). Composition and anaerobic digestion of single and combined organic fractions of municipal solid waste of Dar es Salaam. Tanz. J. Sci., 26, 67-78.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Rubindamayugi, M.S. (1996). The potential of agro-industrial residues for production of biogas and electricity in Tanzania. Renew. Energ., 9, 917-921.
Kivaisi, A. K., Op den Camp, H. J., Lubberding, H. J., Boon, J. J., & Vogels, G. D. (1990). Generation of soluble lignin-derived compounds during degradation of barley straw in an artificial rumen reactor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 33, 93-98.
Kivaisi, A. K., Gijzen, H. J., Op den Camp, H. J., & Vogels, G. D. (1992). Conversion of cereal residues into biogas in a rumen-derived process. World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 8, 428-433.
Koopmans, A. (1998). Trend in energy use. Paper presented at the Expert Consultation on Wood- Energy, Climate and Health, Phuket, Thailand. October 7-9, 1998. Retrieved from http://www.rwedp.org/acrobat/p_ergtrend.pdf
Kvasauskas, M., & Baltrenas, P. (2009). Research on anaerobically treated organic waste suitability for soil fertilization. J. Environ.
Eng. Land Manag., 17, 205-211.
Mbuligwe S. E., & Kassenga, G. R. (2004). Feasibility and strategies for anaerobic digestion of solid waste for energy production in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 42, 183-203.
Mbuthi, P., & Muturi, H. (1999). Assessment of smallholder biogas plants in Central Kenya. In N. T. Yap, (Ed.). Cleaner production and consumption: changes and opportunities in East and Southern Africa (pp 43-50). Weaver Press. Harare.
Ministry of Energy (2007). Minutes of stakeholders consultative meeting on formulation of a national strategy for liquid biofuels development held on 14th June 2007 at the Ministry of Energy.
Mshandete A., Bjornsson L., Kivaisi A. K., Rubindamayugi S. and Mattiasson B. (2005). Enhancement of anaerobic batch digestion of sisal pulp waste by mesophilic aerobic pre-treatment. Wat. Res. 39: 1569-1575.
Mshandete, A., Bjornsson, L., Kivaisi, A. K., Rubindamayugi, S., & Mattiasson, B. (2006). Effect of particle size on biogas yield from sisal fibre waste. Renew. Energ., 31, 2385-2392.
Mshandete, A., Murto, M., Kivaisi, A. K., Rubindamayugi, M., & Mattiasson, B. (2004). Anaerobic batch co-digestion of sisal pulp and fish wastes. Bioresour. Technol., 25, 929-936.
Taleghani, G. S., & Kia, A. (2005). Technical-economical analysis of the Saveh biogas power plant. Renew. Energ., 30, 441-446.
Widodo, T. W., & dan Elita, A. R. (2005). Waste management on cattle farm to increase added-value and environmental improvement. National Seminar on Agricultural Technology Efforts for Increasing Market Competitiveness and Agribusiness Infestation, Batam, Indonesia, September 5-6.
Butchaiah, G. (2006). Economic Utilisation of Biogas as a Renewable Fuel for Fuel cell. The 2nd Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2006), 21-23 November 2006, Bangkok, Thailand.
Fischer, T., & Krieg, A. (2005). Agricultural Biogas Plants – Worldwide, Krieg and Fischer Indenieure GmbH. Retrieved from http://www.KriegFischer.de.
Holm-Nielsen, J. B., Al Seadi, T., & Oleskowicz-Popiel P. (2009). The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization.
Bioresour. Technol., 100, 5478-5484.
Karanja, G. M., & Kiruiro, E. M. (2003). Biogas production. KARI Technical Note Series No. 10. Nairobi.
Katima, J. H. (2001). Production of biogas from water hyacinth: Effect of substrate concentration, particle size and incubation period. Tanz. J. Sci., 27, 107-119.
Kivaisi, A. K. (2002). Pretreatment of robusta coffee hulls and co-digestion with cow-dung for enhanced anaerobic digestion. Tanz.
J. Sci., 28, 1-10.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Eliapenda, S. (1994). Pretreatment of baggasse and coconut fibres for enhanced anaerobic degradation by rumen microorganisms. Renew. Energ., 5: 5-8.
Kivaisi, A. K., and Eliapenda, S. (1995). Application of rumen microorganisms for enhanced anaerobic degradation of baggasse and maize bran. Biomass Bioenerg., 8, 45-50.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Mtila, M. (2001). Production of biogas from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (Mart) (Solms) in a two-stage bioreactor. World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 14, 125-131.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Mukisa, J. (2000). Composition and anaerobic digestion of single and combined organic fractions of municipal solid waste of Dar es Salaam. Tanz. J. Sci., 26, 67-78.
Kivaisi, A. K., & Rubindamayugi, M.S. (1996). The potential of agro-industrial residues for production of biogas and electricity in Tanzania. Renew. Energ., 9, 917-921.
Kivaisi, A. K., Op den Camp, H. J., Lubberding, H. J., Boon, J. J., & Vogels, G. D. (1990). Generation of soluble lignin-derived compounds during degradation of barley straw in an artificial rumen reactor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 33, 93-98.
Kivaisi, A. K., Gijzen, H. J., Op den Camp, H. J., & Vogels, G. D. (1992). Conversion of cereal residues into biogas in a rumen-derived process. World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 8, 428-433.
Koopmans, A. (1998). Trend in energy use. Paper presented at the Expert Consultation on Wood- Energy, Climate and Health, Phuket, Thailand. October 7-9, 1998. Retrieved from http://www.rwedp.org/acrobat/p_ergtrend.pdf
Kvasauskas, M., & Baltrenas, P. (2009). Research on anaerobically treated organic waste suitability for soil fertilization. J. Environ.
Eng. Land Manag., 17, 205-211.
Mbuligwe S. E., & Kassenga, G. R. (2004). Feasibility and strategies for anaerobic digestion of solid waste for energy production in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 42, 183-203.
Mbuthi, P., & Muturi, H. (1999). Assessment of smallholder biogas plants in Central Kenya. In N. T. Yap, (Ed.). Cleaner production and consumption: changes and opportunities in East and Southern Africa (pp 43-50). Weaver Press. Harare.
Ministry of Energy (2007). Minutes of stakeholders consultative meeting on formulation of a national strategy for liquid biofuels development held on 14th June 2007 at the Ministry of Energy.
Mshandete A., Bjornsson L., Kivaisi A. K., Rubindamayugi S. and Mattiasson B. (2005). Enhancement of anaerobic batch digestion of sisal pulp waste by mesophilic aerobic pre-treatment. Wat. Res. 39: 1569-1575.
Mshandete, A., Bjornsson, L., Kivaisi, A. K., Rubindamayugi, S., & Mattiasson, B. (2006). Effect of particle size on biogas yield from sisal fibre waste. Renew. Energ., 31, 2385-2392.
Mshandete, A., Murto, M., Kivaisi, A. K., Rubindamayugi, M., & Mattiasson, B. (2004). Anaerobic batch co-digestion of sisal pulp and fish wastes. Bioresour. Technol., 25, 929-936.
Taleghani, G. S., & Kia, A. (2005). Technical-economical analysis of the Saveh biogas power plant. Renew. Energ., 30, 441-446.
Widodo, T. W., & dan Elita, A. R. (2005). Waste management on cattle farm to increase added-value and environmental improvement. National Seminar on Agricultural Technology Efforts for Increasing Market Competitiveness and Agribusiness Infestation, Batam, Indonesia, September 5-6.
##submissions.published##
2018-09-06
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