Global and National Factors Informing Unrest in Kenya’s Higher Education
##article.subject##:
Higher Education, Students’ Unrest, Teaching, Learning and Welfare Facilities
##article.abstract##
This paper examines global factors that have been mainly liable for unrest that has been seen in Kenya’s higher learning for the last two decades. It analyses five cases of actual student riots in two public universities, two constituent colleges and one campus. It highlights how flawed policy compounded by sharp demand for higher education led to a rapid decline of standards largely associated with the unrest. It demonstrates that the emergence of the World Bank as an important financier of higher education brought with it the perception that unlike basic education, proceeds on investment in higher learning are much inferior therefore, the emphasis of investment on the former. The human capital theory based on rate of return analysis was largely responsible for this argument and Kenya, like other African Countries, drastically cut down its expenditure on higher education, resulting in a cute shortages and deterioration of standards the core subject of the unrest. Nationally, the struggle for democracy and the re-introduction of multi-party policies brought with it negative ethnicity. This has cascaded to universities, where voting patterns during student elections have reflected the national voting ones, often degenerating to violence.
References
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Kindleberger, C. P. (2015). A financial history of Western Europe. Routledge.
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Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press.
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Munene, I. I., & Otieno, W. (2008). Changing the course: Equity effects and institutional risk amid policy shift in higher education financing in Kenya. Higher Education, 55(4), 461-479.
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Robertson*, S. L. (2005). Re‐imagining and rescripting the future of education: Global knowledge economy discourses and the challenge to education systems. Comparative education, 41(2), 151-170.
Samoff, J., & Carrol, B. (2003). From manpower planning to the knowledge era: World Bank policies on higher education in Africa. UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge, Division of Higher Education, UNESCO.
Schraeder, P. J., Hook, S. W., & Taylor, B. (1998). Clarifying the foreign aid puzzle: A comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish aid flows. World Politics, 50(2), 294-323.
Sifuna, D. N. (1998). The governance of Kenyan public universities. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 3(2), 175-212.
Vawda, A. Y., Moock, P., Gittinger, J. P., & Patrinos, H. A. (2003). Economic analysis of World Bank education projects and project outcomes. International Journal of Educational Development, 23(6), 645-660.
Zeleza, P. T. (2004). Neo-liberalism and academic freedom.
Atteh, S. O. (1996). The crisis in higher education in Africa. African Issues, 24(1), 36-42.
Block, F. L. (1977). The origins of international economic disorder: a study of United States international monetary policy from World War II to the present (No. 214). Univ of California Press.
Bräutigam, D. (2000). Aid dependence and governance (Vol. 1). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Eisemon, T. O. (2014). Benefiting from basic education, school quality and functional literacy in Kenya (Vol. 2). Elsevier.
Frank, O., & McNicoll, G. (1987). An interpretation of fertility and population policy in Kenya. Population and development review, 209-243.
Gutner, T. L. (2002). Banking on the environment: Multilateral development banks and their environmental performance in Central and Eastern Europe. MIT Press.
Hornsby, C. (2012). Kenya: A history since independence. IB Tauris.
Hoy W.Kand Miskel C.G(1982). Educational Administartion, Throery , Research and Practicle (2nd Edition) New York, Random House.
Jones, P. W. (2006). Education, poverty and the World Bank. Sense Publishers.
Jones, P. W. (2007). World Bank financing of education: Lending, learning and development. Routledge.
Kiboiy K.L (2013).The dynamic of students unreast in Kenya’sHigher education, The case of Moi University, University of Pretoria, Unpublished thesis.
Kindleberger, C. P. (2015). A financial history of Western Europe. Routledge.
Klopp, J. M., & Orina, J. R. (2002). University crisis, student activism, and the contemporary struggle for democracy in Kenya. African Studies Review, 45(1), 43-76.
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press.
Matemba, K. C. (2011). Students Unrest: Challenges and Prospects of Conflict Management in Kenyan Universities. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis
Moi University Admissions Office (2009). Moi University Students’ Bio-data; PSSP Students 2009/2010.
Moi University Admissions Office (2010). Students’ Bio-data 2010/2011.
Mosley, P., & Smith, L. (1989). Structural adjustment and agricultural performance in Sub‐Saharan Africa 1980–87. Journal of International Development, 1(3), 321-355.
Mulongo, G. (2013). Inequality in accessing higher education in Kenya; Implications for economic development and well-being. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(16), 49-61.
Munene, I. I., & Otieno, W. (2008). Changing the course: Equity effects and institutional risk amid policy shift in higher education financing in Kenya. Higher Education, 55(4), 461-479.
Muriuki, I. K. (2000). Donor Conditionalities and Democratisation in Kenya, 1991-1997 (Doctoral dissertation, Rhodes University).
Mwinzi, D. (2002). The impact of cost-sharing policy on the living conditions of students in Kenyan public universities: The case of Nairobi and Moi universities. In 28th annual international symposium of the council for the development of social science research in Africa (CODESRIA), Dakar and the Center for African Studies, University of Illinois, April (Vol. 2527).
Nafukho, F. M. (2004). The market model of financing state universities in Kenya: Some innovative lessons. African universities in the twenty-first century, 1, 126-139.
Ng’ethe, N., Assie-Lumumba, N., Subotzky, G., & Sutherland-Addy, E. (2003). Higher education innovations in sub-Saharan Africa: With specific reference to universities. New York: The Partnership for Higher Education.
Nkinyangi J.A (1991) Students Protest in sub-Saharan Africa The Higher Education Journal Khwer Academic Publishers pp 157-173
Nkinyangi, J. A. (1991). Student protests in sub-Saharan Africa. Higher Education, 22(2), 157-173.
Obanya, P. (1999). The Dilemma of Education in Africa (Dakar, UNESCO-BREDA). Mansary M. & Amosun A. Curriculum development at the turn of the century–the Nigerian Experience. Dept. of Teacher Education, University of Ibadan.
Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of management review, 16(1), 145-179.
Report from the Senior Security Officer (2007), Chepkoilel Campus to the Principal Chepkoilel Campus, Subject: Failed 16th MUSO Elections, dated 23 April 2007, Ref. MU/CHEP/SEC/14.
Report from the Senior Security Officer to the Principal, Western University College of Science and Technology, dated 01 March 2006, Subject: Students’ Disturbances Leading to the University College Closure on 27 February 2006, Ref. WUC/SEC 2/GM/VOL/6
Report of Ad-Hoc Committee on Student Discipline (Chairman: Prof. Akonga), dated 16 August 2004.
Report of Senate Ad-Hoc Committee on Student Involvement in the Disturbances of 19 October, 20 October and 20 November 1999, undated.
Report of Student Disciplinary Committee Meeting held on Thursday, 13 January 2000, at 10.30
Report of the Ad-Hoc Committee of the Academic Board on Students’ Disturbances, Subject: The Causes of Students’ Disturbances of Monday 27 February 2006.
Report of the Vice-Chancellor’s Committee on Causes of Disturbances/Riots in Public Universities (Chairman, Prof. Standa), June 2000.
Report to Senate by the Students’ Disciplinary Committee, Subject: Disciplinary Measures to be taken on Students involved in the Disturbances on 30 June 1991, dated 08 December 1991.
Republic of Kenya (2000): - Report of the Vice-Chancellors’ Committee on the causes of Riots in Public Universities. Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta Foundation.
Republic of Kenya (2009); The Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Education, Research and Technology on the Inquiry into the Students Disturbances at Kenyatta University in March 2009. Nairobi, Kenya National Assembly, Tenth Parliament, 3rd Session 2009.
Robertson*, S. L. (2005). Re‐imagining and rescripting the future of education: Global knowledge economy discourses and the challenge to education systems. Comparative education, 41(2), 151-170.
Samoff, J., & Carrol, B. (2003). From manpower planning to the knowledge era: World Bank policies on higher education in Africa. UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge, Division of Higher Education, UNESCO.
Schraeder, P. J., Hook, S. W., & Taylor, B. (1998). Clarifying the foreign aid puzzle: A comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish aid flows. World Politics, 50(2), 294-323.
Sifuna, D. N. (1998). The governance of Kenyan public universities. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 3(2), 175-212.
Vawda, A. Y., Moock, P., Gittinger, J. P., & Patrinos, H. A. (2003). Economic analysis of World Bank education projects and project outcomes. International Journal of Educational Development, 23(6), 645-660.
Zeleza, P. T. (2004). Neo-liberalism and academic freedom.
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2018-07-02
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