Predictors of Stunting among Preschool-Aged Children in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
##article.subject##:
stunting, preschool-aged children, dietary diversity, peri-urban
##article.abstract##
Globally, approximately 149.2 million preschoolers are stunted and about 30% of them come from Africa. An estimated one million deaths annually among preschoolers are associated with stunting. Africa and South Asia share the highest proportion of stunting with 36% and 34% respectively. In Kenya, stunting rates among preschool-aged children is at 26% which is still a public health concern. Despite Uasin Gishu County’s abundance of food from both crop and livestock farming stunting persists among preschoolers with a prevalence of 31%. This investigation aimed at assessing the child- and household-related predictors of stunting among preschoolers. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted with a sample size of 289 children. Children alongside their caregivers were selected through a three-tier sampling technique consisting of purposive, stratified and simple random sampling. Socio-demographic data was collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Stunting data was collected using a height/length board. Data analysis was carried out using WHO Anthro Software and SPSS version 23. The findings indicated that 29.4% of preschoolers in Uasin Gishu County are stunted, with male children being stunted (33.55%) compared to female children (24.82%). Majority (46.8%) of the children aged 12-23 months were stunted. The probability of stunting was higher among children from mothers with a lower level of education (p value=0). Children from married parents and those from low-income households (p value=0.002, OR=6.55) also had lower chances of stunting. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of stunting, which is influenced by the child’s gender, marital status, maternal education, and household wealth.
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Balalian, A. A., Simonyan, H., Hekimian, K., Deckelbaum, R. J., & Sargsyan, A. (2017). Prevalence and determinants of stunting in a conflict-ridden border region in Armenia - A cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-017-0204-9
Berhanu, G., Mekonnen, S., & Sisay, M. (2018). Prevalence of stunting and associated factors among preschool children: A community based comparative cross sectional study in Ethiopia. BMC Nutrition, 4(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-018-0236-9
Chien, T. Y., Chien, Y. W., Chang, J. S., & Chen, Y. C. (2018). Influence of mothers’ nutrition knowledge and attitudes on their purchase intention for infant cereal with no added sugar claim. Nutrients, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040435
Chowdhury, T. R., Chakrabarty, S., Rakib, M., Afrin, S., Saltmarsh, S., & Winn, S. (2020). Factors associated with stunting and wasting in children under 2 years in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 6(9), e04849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04849
Dake, S. K., Solomon, F. B., Bobe, T. M., Tekle, H. A., & Tufa, E. G. (2019). Predictors of stunting among children 6-59 months of age in Sodo Zuria District, South Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 5(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-019-0287-6
Danso, F., & Appiah, M. A. (2023). Prevalence and associated factors influencing stunting and wasting among children of ages 1 to 5 years in Nkwanta South Municipality, Ghana. Nutrition, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2023.111996
Garenne, M., Myatt, M., Khara, T., Dolan, C., & Briend, A. (2019). Concurrent wasting and stunting among under-five children in Niakhar, Senegal. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 15(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12736
Gassara, G., & Chen, J. (2021). Household Food Insecurity, Dietary Diversity, and Stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4401. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu1312440. Nutrients, 13(4401).
Gatimu, S. M., & John, T. W. (2020). Socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension in Kenya : a decomposition analysis of 2015 Kenya STEPwise survey on non- communicable diseases risk factors. International Journal for Equity in Health, 1, 1–11.
Gatuyu, C. M., & Kinyua, G. M. (2020). Role of Knowledge Acquisition on Firm Performance in the Context of Small Role of Knowledge Acquisition on Firm Performance in the Context of Small and Medium Enterprises in Meru County , Kenya. Journal of World Economic Research, 9(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jwer.20200901.14
Gezimu, W., Bekele, F., & Habte, G. (2022). Pregnant mothers’ knowledge, attitude, practice and its predictors towards nutrition in public hospitals of Southern Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Medicine, 10, 205031212210858. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121221085843
Guyatt, H., Muiruri, F., Mburu, P., & Robins, A. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of underweight and stunting among children under 2 years of age in Eastern Kenya. Public Health Nutrition, 23(9), 1599–1608. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019003793
Kahssay, M., Woldu, E., Gebre, A., & Reddy, S. (2020). Determinants of stunting among children aged 6 to 59 months in pastoral community, Afar region, North East Ethiopia: Unmatched case control study. BMC Nutrition, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00332-z
Kajjura, R. B., Veldman, F. J., & Kassier, S. M. (2019). Effect of Nutrition Education on Knowledge, Complementary Feeding, and Hygiene Practices of Mothers With Moderate Acutely Malnourished Children in Uganda. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 40(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119840214
Karlsson, O., Kim, R., Guerrero, S., Hasman, A., & Subramanian, S. V. (2022). Child wasting before and after age two years: A cross-sectional study of 94 countries. EClinicalMedicine, 46, 101353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101353
KNBS. (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census. In 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Vol. II. http://www.knbs.or.ke
KNBS. (2023). Kenya Demographic Health Survey (Vol. 5, Issue 3).
KNBS, & ICF. (2023). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022, Key Indicators Report. In Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.
Kuche, D., Moss, C., Eshetu, S., Ayana, G., Salasibew, M., Dangour, A. D., & Allen, E. (2020). Factors associated with dietary diversity and length-for-age z-score in rural Ethiopian children aged 6–23 months: A novel approach to the analysis of baseline data from the Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia evaluation. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12852
Laksono, A. D., Wulandari, R. D., Amaliah, N., & Wisnuwardani, R. W. (2022). Stunting among children under two years in Indonesia: Does maternal education matter? PLoS ONE, 17(7 July), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271509
Lawrence, E. M., Rogers, R. G., Zajacova, A., & Wadsworth, T. (2019). Marital Happiness, Marital Status, Health, and Longevity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(5), 1539–1561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0009-9
Mahmood, S., Kawser, M., Akther, S., & Rahim, A. T. (2021). Effectors of income-child health gradient: Role of dietary diversity on child nutritional status in selected slums of Dhaka city. Journal of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, 45(1).
Masibo, P. K., Humwa, F., & MacHaria, T. N. (2020). The double burden of overnutrition and undernutrition in mother-child dyads in Kenya: Demographic and health survey data, 2014. Journal of Nutritional Science, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2019.39
Mistry, S. K., Hossain, M. B., Khanam, F., Akter, F., Parvez, M., Yunus, F. M., Afsana, K., & Rahman, M. (2019). Individual, maternal- and household-level factors associated with stunting among children aged 0-23 months in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutrition, 22(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018002926
Moshi, C. C., Sebastian, P. J., Mushumbusi, D. G., Azizi, K. A., Meghji, W. P., Kitunda, M. E., & Kasankala, L. M. (2022). Determinants of underweight among children aged 0–23 months in Tanzania. Food Science and Nutrition, 10(4), 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2748
Murimi, E. K., Njeru, L. K., & Gichimu, B. M. (2019). Effects of Urban Expansion on Agricultural Resources : A Case Study of Embu Town in Kenya. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 33(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2019/v33i430186
Mwase, I., Mutoro, A., Owino, V., Garcia, A. L., & Wright, C. M. (2016). Poor infant feeding practices and high prevalence of malnutrition in urban slum child care centres in Nairobi: A pilot study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 62(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmv071
Mzumara, B., Bwembya, P., Halwiindi, H., Mugode, R., & Banda, J. (2018). Factors associated with stunting among children below five years of age in Zambia: Evidence from the 2014 Zambia demographic and health survey. BMC Nutrition, 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-018-0260-9
Nsubuga, E. J., Arinda Kato, I., Lee, S., Ssenyondo, M., & Isunju, J. B. (2022). Predictors of Stunting and Underweight Among Children Aged 6 to 59 months in Bussi Islands, Wakiso District, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388221125107
Nwosu, C. O., & Ataguba, J. E.-O. (2020). Explaining changes in wealth inequalities in child health: The case of stunting and wasting in Nigeria. Plos One, 15(9), e0238191.
Nyamasege, C. K., Kimani-Murage, E. W., Wanjohi, M., Kaindi, D. W. M., & Wagatsuma, Y. (2021). Effect of maternal nutritional education and counselling on children’s stunting prevalence in urban informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Public Health Nutrition, 24(12), 3740–3752. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020001962
Poirier, M. J. P., Grépin, K. A., & Grignon, M. (2020). Approaches and Alternatives to the Wealth Index to Measure Socioeconomic Status Using Survey Data : A Critical Interpretive Synthesis. In Social Indicators Research (Vol. 148, Issue 1). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02187-9
Sawe, C., & Keino, S. (2022). Tripartite of Malnutrition: Co-existence of Underweight, Overweight and Micronutrient Deficiency Among Children in Kisumu County, Kenya. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac051.087
Sawe, C., Kogi-Makau, W., Ettyang, G. A. K., & Kimamo, C. . (2022). Tripartite of Malnutrition: Co-existence of Underweight, Overweight and Micronutrient Deficiency Among Children in Kisumu County, Kenya. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6, 171. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac051.087
Sedgwick, P. (2015). Multistage sampling. BMJ (Online), 351(July), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4155
Sekartaji, R., Suza, D. E., Fauziningtyas, R., Almutairi, W. M., Susanti, I. A., Astutik, E., & Efendi, F. (2021). Dietary diversity and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Indonesia. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 56, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.006
Shapiro, M. J., Downs, S. M., Swartz, H. J., Parker, M., Quelhas, D., Kreis, K., Kraemer, K., West, K. P., & Fanzo, J. (2019). A Systematic Review Investigating the Relation between Animal-Source Food Consumption and Stunting in Children Aged 6-60 Months in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Advances in Nutrition, 10(5), 827–847. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz018
Sirasa, F., Mitchell, L., & Harris, N. (2020). Dietary diversity and food intake of urban preschool children in North-Western Sri Lanka. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 16(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13006
Sultana, P., Rahman, M. M., & Akter, J. (2019). Correlates of stunting among under-five children in Bangladesh: A multilevel approach. BMC Nutrition, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-019-0304-9
Wanyama, R., Gödecke, T., & Qaim, M. (2019). Food Security and Dietary Quality in African Slums. Sustainability, 11(21), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215999
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Woldegebriel, A. G., Desta, A. A., Gebreegziabiher, G., Berhe, A. A., Ajemu, K. F., & Woldearegay, T. W. (2020). Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Ethiopia: Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (EDHS 2016). International Journal of Pediatrics (United Kingdom), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3040845
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##submissions.published##
2024-10-25
How to Cite
Were, G., Kosgei, S., Serrem, C., & Osano, O. (2024, October 25). Predictors of Stunting among Preschool-Aged Children in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 8(1), Pg. 423-435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v8i1.1091
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