Origin and Nature of Ethnic Fragmentation in Kenya Since 1960
##article.subject##:
Ethnicity, Ethnic fragmentation, Fragmentation, Nature and Origin
##article.abstract##
This research article underscored ethnic fragmentation in Kenya by dwelling on its origin and nature since 1960. It reviewed various literatures and filled the gaps that emerged. Additionally, the research article utilized historical research design since the study was qualitative in nature. It was conducted in Bungoma, Busia, Kakamega, Kisumu, Kisii, Homabay and Siaya. It utilized purposive and snowballing sampling techniques to collect data. Moreover, the article employed pragmatism and the Instrumental Marxism Theory which shed light on the historical and structural factors underlying Kenya's ethnic fragmentation. The research article found that; ethnic politics was deliberately introduced and propagated in the Kenyan political system by the British colonial government through its divisive ‘divide and rule’ policy to actualize colonial and imperialist economic and political objectives. The article concludes that; while historical and structural factors have significantly influenced Kenya’s ethnic fragmentation, emerging national identities alongside ethnic affiliations indicate a potential shift towards more inclusive national unity.
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Tuli, Albert. "International human rights and state management of internal conflict: a case study of the ethnic clashes in Kenya, 1991-1997." PhD diss., 2005.
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Balaton-Chrimes, Samantha, and Laurence Cooley. "To count or not to count? Insights from Kenya for global debates about enumerating ethnicity in national censuses." Ethnicities 22, no. 3 (2022): 404-424.
Bratton, Michael, and Mwangi S. Kimenyi. "Voting in Kenya: Putting ethnicity in perspective." Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 272-289.
Conteh-Morgan, Earl. "International intervention: Conflict, economic dislocation, and the hegemonic role of dominant actors." International Journal of Peace Studies (2001): 33-52.
Eresso, Muluneh Kassa. "Challenges in Ethiopia’s Post-1991 Ethnic Federalism Entwined with Ethnic-based Political Parties." Mizan Law Review 15, no. 2 (2021): 313-350.
George Mukundi Wachira, "Vindicating indigenous peoples' land rights in Kenya." PhD diss., University of Pretoria, 2009.
Githieya, Kimari. "Youth Identities in an Urbanising and Ethnically Fragmented Society: a Case Study of Kenya." PhD diss., University of Nairobi, 2021.
Gök, Adem. "The role of governance on inward foreign direct investment." PhD diss., Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye), YÖK Tez Merkezi (427473), 2006.
Joseph, John. Language and identity: National, ethnic, religious. Springer, 2004.
Kamau, Lucy W. "Impact of election conflicts in Africa: a case study of Kenya’s post-election violence recovery, 2000–2012." PhD diss., University of Nairobi,, 2013.
Kanyinga, Karuti. "Governance institutions and inequality in Kenya." Nairobi: University of Nairobi, (2006).
Karega, Munene. "Museums in Kenya: spaces for selecting, ordering and erasing memories of identity and nationhood." African studies 70, no. 2 (2011): 224-245.
Khadiagala, Gilbert M. "Political movements and coalition politics in Kenya: entrenching ethnicity." South African Journal of International Affairs 17, no. 1 (2010): 65-84.
Kheri, Abdallah. "Status of Muslim in Kenya politics and the election phobia of postelection violence in the 2017 general election." International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH) 4, no. 2 (2017): 160-173.
Kisaka, Michael Otieno, and Israel Nyaburi Nyadera. "Ethnicity and politics in Kenya’s turbulent path to democracy and development." In Journal of social policy conferences, no. 76, pp. 159-180. Istanbul University, 2019.
KNA, DC/EN/1/1: Elgon Nyanza District Annual Report, 1956.
KNA, DC/EN/1/1: Elgon Nyanza District Annual Report, 1958.
KNA, DC/NN/2/5: North Nyanza Handing Over reports, 1952.
Kwatemba, Shilaho Westen. "Ethnicity and political pluralism in Kenya." Journal of African elections 7, no. 2 (2008): 77-112.
Lewin-Epstein, Noah, and Yinon Cohen. "Ethnic origin and identity in the Jewish population of Israel." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45, no. 11 (2019): 2118-2137.
Lynch, Gabrielle. "Negotiating ethnicity: Identity politics in contemporary Kenya." Review of African political economy 33, no. 107 (2006): 49-65.
Lynch, Gabrielle. "The fruits of perception:‘ethnic politics’ and the case of Kenya's constitutional referendum." African Studies 65, no. 2 (2006): 233-270.
Mbogo, Peter. "Women Waging Peace in a Post-election Conflict: the Case of Naivasha, Nakuru County, 2007-2017." PhD diss., University of Nairobi, 2022.
Mengistu, Muhabie Mekonnen. "The root causes of conflicts in the Horn of Africa." American Journal of Applied Psychology 4, no. 2 (2015): 28-34.
Mettler, Suzanne. The government-citizen disconnect. Russell Sage Foundation, 2018.
Muyonga, Mary, Alfred Otieno, and George Odipo. "Inequality and migration in Kenya: Investigating the subnational associations using census data." F1000Research 10 (2021): 1208.
Njagi, Samuel M. "The Role of Politicized Ethnicity on Conflict in Africa: a Case Study of Kenya, 1992-2013." PhD diss., University of Nairobi, 2018.
Njoroge, Muiru Paul. "The social, cultural and economic impact of ethnic violence in Molo Division, 1969–2008." PhD diss., MA. thesis]. Nairobi: Kenyatta University. https://ir-library. ku. ac. ke/handle/123456789/6863, 2012.
Nyambegera, Stephen Morangi. "Ethnicity and human resource management practice in sub-Saharan Africa: the relevance of the managing diversity discourse." International Journal of Human Resource Management 13, no. 7 (2002): 1077-1090.
Ogot, Bethwell A., and William Robert Ochieng, eds. Decolonization & independence in Kenya, 1940-93. Ohio State University Press, 1995.
Okediji, Tade O. "The dynamics of ethnic fragmentation: A proposal for an expanded measurement index." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 64, no. 2 (2005): 637-662.
Palmer, Colin A. "Defining and studying the modern African diaspora." The Journal of Negro History 85, no. 1-2 (2000): 27-32.
Pentland, Brian T. "Building process theory with narrative: From description to explanation." Academy of management Review 24, no. 4 (1999): 711-724.
Rwigema, P. C. "The pros and cons of elections: Kenya general elections (August 2022)." The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management 9, no. 3 (2022): 397-446.
Smith, Anthony D. "Culture, community and territory: the politics of ethnicity and nationalism." International Affairs 72, no. 3 (1996): 445-458.
Stuckey, Mary E. Defining Americans: The presidency and national identity. University Press of Kansas, 2023.
Throup, David, and Charles Hornsby. "Multi-party politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta & Moi States & the triumph of the system in the 1992 election." J. Currey, (1998).
Tuli, Albert. "International human rights and state management of internal conflict: a case study of the ethnic clashes in Kenya, 1991-1997." PhD diss., 2005.
Verkuyten, Maykel. The social psychology of ethnic identity. Routledge, 2018.
##submissions.published##
2024-10-25
How to Cite
Mukanda, S., Okoth, P., & Lusambili, K. (2024, October 25). Origin and Nature of Ethnic Fragmentation in Kenya Since 1960. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 8(1), Pg. 367-377. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v8i1.1086
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