Medicinal uses and pharmacological activity of Ximenia americana L. - A systematic review
##article.subject##:
Ximenia americana, Traditional uses, Pharmacological activity, Phytoconstituents
##article.abstract##
Medicinal plants have traditionally been used as remedies for various ailments. Ximenia americana which belongs to the Olacaceae family is one of the plants used in traditional medicine in Africa. However, it is facing threats of extinction due to its use for other purposes like firewood. It is within this context that this review aims at compiling published data on the ethnobotanical status, pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiles of X. americana in the last decade. A web-based literature search was done using scientific databases including Google Scholar and Pub Med, with inclusion criteria of full-length articles reporting on ethno medicinal surveys, pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiles of X. americana in Africa from the year 2010 to 2024. Data was captured in MS excel format and descriptive statistics used to summarize the findings. X. americana is used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments including digestive system infections, injuries, sexually transmitted infections among others. Literature search on pharmacological and phytochemical studies validates the use of X. americana in folklore medicine. The current review findings support the traditional use of X. americana. However, in-depth studies aimed at efficacy and safety evaluation, in addition to identification of the X. americana plant compounds responsible for the reported therapeutic activities is required.
References
Abdalla AA, Shyaula SL, Ishak CY, Ayoub SMH., (2013). Bioassay and phytochemical studies on Ximenia americana L. Bark ethanolic extract. J Forest Prod Indust. 2(3): 63-68.
Agyigra, A. I., Ejiofor, J. I., Magaji, M. G., & Yakubu, Y. (2017). Evaluation of Methanol Stem-bark Extract of Ximenia americana Linn (Olacaceae) for Phytoconstituents and Gastroprotection in Rats. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(4).
Alain, K. Y., Yovo, M., Boniface, Y., Pascal, A. D. C., Paul, T. F., Alain, A. G., & Dominique, S. C. (2014). Chemical study, antiradical and antibacterial potential of the extracts of Ximenia americana and Cussonia arborea of Benin. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1626-1635.
Alemneh D. (2021). Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for Human Ailments in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. BioMed research international, 6615666.https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6615666
Atmani D, Chaher N, Atmani D, Berboucha M, Debbache N, Boudaoud H. (2009). Flavonoids in human health: from structure to biological activity. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2009;5:225–237. doi:10.2174/157340109790218049
Bagu, D. G., Otokpa, E. S., &Amagon, K. I. (2023). Evaluation of Antisickling Activity and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Ximenia americana Linn.(Olacacaea). Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 26(9), 49-60.
Bagu, D. G., Otokpa, E. S., &Amagon, K. I. (2023). Evaluation of Antisickling Activity and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Ximenia americana Linn.(Olacacaea). Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 26(9), 49-60.
Bazezew, A. M., Emire, S. A., & Sisay, M. T. (2021). Bioactive composition, free radical scavenging and fatty acid profile of Ximenia americana grown in Ethiopia. Heliyon, 7(6), e07187.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07187
Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the management of HIV/AIDS related diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia. Evidence‐based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (1), 4238625.
Chinsembu, K. C., Syakalima, M., & Semenya, S. S. (2019).Ethnomedicinal plants used by traditional healers in the management of HIV/AIDS opportunistic diseases in Lusaka, Zambia. South African Journal of Botany, 122, 369-384.
da Silva, B. A. F., Pessoa, R. T., da Costa, R. H. S., de Oliveira, M. R. C., Ramos, A. G. B., de Lima Silva, M. G., ... & Júnior, L. J. Q. (2023). Evaluation of the antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) bark extract in experimental models of inflammation. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 166, 115249.
Dejene, T., Agamy, M. S., Agúndez, D., & Martin-Pinto, P. (2020). Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible fruit tree species in low land areas of Ethiopia. Forests, 11(2), 177.
del Val, J. (2023). 1st Liveable Futures Report: Food of Mass destruction: how exploiting animals drives us to extinction. Plant-based diet as global emergency; creating an integrative frame of action.Journal of Posthumanism 4(1):33-38
Delma, E. T., Ouédraogo, M., Ouédraogo, A. S., Nikiema, A. W., Abdoulaye Gambo, M., Ramde, N., ...& Guissou, P. I. (2023). Antiulcer Effect of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts of Pseudocedrelakotschyi (Schweinf) Harms (Meliaceae) and Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae). Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 231-240.
Delma, E. T., Ouédraogo, M., Ouédraogo, A. S., Nikiema, A. W., Abdoulaye Gambo, M., Ramde, N., ...& Guissou, P. I. (2023). Antiulcer Effect of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts of Pseudocedrelakotschyi (Schweinf) Harms (Meliaceae) and Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae). Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 231-240.
Demissew, T., Najma, D., Kinyamario, J. I., & Kiboi, S. (2016). The utilizattion of medicinal plants by the Masaai community in arid lands of Kajado county, Kenya.
Desissa D and Binggeli P, “Uses and conservation status of medicinal pants used by the Shinasha people,” pp. 1–12, 2020, http://www.mikepalmer.co.uk/woodyplantecology/ethiopia/ shinasha.htm.
Duncan, C. M., Buchanan, C., & Patrick, M. (2016).An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Masaai people of Losho, Kenya. Int. J. Pharmacol. Res, 6, 68-74.
Eisawi, K. A., Gibreel, H. H., Hong, H., Shaheen, T., Abdalla, O. M., & Yasin, E. H. (2022).Ethnobotanical study of medicinal trees and shrubs from the Rashad District of Southern Kordofan, Sudan. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 62(2), 337-357.
Eshete, M. A., & Molla, E. L. (2021).Cultural significance of medicinal plants in healing human ailments among Guji semi-pastoralist people, Suro Barguda District, Ethiopia. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 17, 1-18.
Feyssa, D. H., Njoka, J. T., Asfaw, Z., &Nyangito, M. M. (2012). Uses and management of Ximenia americana, Olacaceae in semi-arid East Shewa, Ethiopia. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(4), 1177-1184.
Gaichu, D. M., Mathabe, P., and Ngugi, M. P. ( 2023). Evaluation of cardiopreventive effects of Ximenia americana (Linn) and Pappea capensis (Eckl. And Zeyh) leaf aqueous extracts in rat model with myocardial infarction.Future journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 9(1), 41.
Gaichu, D. M., Mawia, A. M., Gitonga, G. M., Ngugi, M. P., & Mburu, D. N. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antipyretic activities of dichloromethane-methanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of Ximenia americana in rat models. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 6(3), 107-113.
Gaichu, D. M., Mawia, A. M., Gitonga, G. M., Ngugi, M. P., & Mburu, D. N. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antipyretic activities of dichloromethane-methanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of Ximenia americana in rat models. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 6(3), 107-113.
Geyid, A., Abebe, D., Debella, A., Makonnen, Z., Aberra, F., Teka, F., ...& Guta, M. (2005). Screening of some medicinal plants of Ethiopia for their anti-microbial properties and chemical profiles. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 97(3), 421-427.
Hassan, A. U., Madu, A. H., Ozojiofor, U. O., Galadanci, A. H., Mato, I. B., & Jafaru, R. (2021). Antimicrobial activities of Cymbopogon citratus and Ximenia americana leaf extracts against some selected bacterial and yeast clinical isolates. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 9(1), 1-10.
Jiofack, T., Fokunang, C., Guedje, N., Kemeuze, V., Fongnzossie, E., Nkongmeneck, B. A., ...&Tsabang, N. (2010). Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants of two ethnoecological regions of Cameroon. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(3), 60-79.
Kamita, M. K., Matu, E. N., Njenga, E. W., Wanga, J., Amalemba, G., &Kigondu, E. V. (2014). In vivo antifertility activity and phytochemical screening of selected Kenyan medicinal plants. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 3(3).
Kawo, A. H., Suleiman, Z. A., &Yusha’u, M. (2011). Studies on the antibacterial activity and chemical constituents of Khaya senegalensis and Ximenia americana leaf extracts. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(26), 4562-4568.
KIESSOUN, K., ROLAND, M. N. T., MAMOUNATA, D., YOMALAN, K., SYTAR, O., SOUZ, A., ...& DICKO, M. H. (2018). Antimicrobial profiles, antidiarrheal and antipyretic capacities of phenol acid rich-fractions from Ximenia America L.,(Olacaceae) in wistar albino rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 10, 62-70.
Kingo, R. M., &Maregesi, S. M. (2020).Ethnopharmacological study on some medicinal plants used in Ujiji, Kigoma, Tanzania. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 9(2), 102-109.
KONATE, K., Nabéré, O., Arsène, M., Souza, A., & Sitar, O. (2018). Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Polyphenol-Rich Fractions of Roots from Ximenia americana L.,(Olacaceae), in Experimental Mice.
Kyazike, E. (2021). Exploring the preference for indigenous medicinal plant medicine in Buliisa District, Western Uganda. Inkanyiso: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(1), 77-105.
Lemmens, R. (2023). Useful Trees of East Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. BoD-Books on Demand.
Maikai, B. V., &Maikai, V. A. (2015). Effects of treatment with fraction IV extract of Ximenia americana on the survival rate, packed cell volume and total plasma proteins of Trypanosoma congolense infected mice. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, 7(5), 101-107.
Maikai, V. A. (2010). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-trypanosomal activity of stem bark of Ximenia americana. International Journal of Biology, 2(2), 50.
Maikai, V. A., Kobo, P. I., &Maikai, B. V. O. (2010). Antioxidant properties of Ximenia americana. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(45), 7744-7746.
Maikai, V. A., Maikai, B. V., & Kobo, P. I. (2009). Antimicrobial properties of stem bark extracts of Ximenia americana. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(2), 30.
Manzo, L. M., Moussa, I., &Ikhiri, K. (2017). Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants used against diarrhea in Niger, West Africa. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5(4), 32-38.
Marealle, A. I., Moshi, M., Innocent, E., Qwarse, M., & Andrae-Marobela, K. (2021). Ethnomedical survey of plants used for the management of HIV and AIDS-related conditions in Mbulu District, Tanzania. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 15(1), 1-21.
Mariko, M., Sarr, S. O., Diop, A., Modi, I. A., Dackouo, B., & Diop, Y. M. (2016). Antioxidant activity study and total phenolic determination of leaf extracts of Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae) an antitumor plant used traditionally in Mali. Madani. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 106, 10258-10265.
Masresha, G., Melkamu, Y., &Chekole, G. (2021). Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Trees and Shrubs Used to Treat Human and Livestock Aliments in Metema District, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Natural and Computational Sciences, 1(2), 122-147.
Matenanga, O. K., Boitumelo, W., Mareko, M., Mojeremane, W., Seifu, E., Tait, M., ...& Haki, G. D. (2024). Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Morula (Sclerocaryabirrea), Moretologa (Ximenia americana), Mowana (Adansonia digitata L.) and Mogose (Bauhinia petersiana): Indigenous Plants in Botswana.
Maundu, M. P., Ngugi, W. G., & Kabuye, H. S. C. (1999). Traditional food plants of Kenya.
Mekuanent, T., Zebene, A., & Solomon, Z. (2015). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Chilga district, Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Remedies, 88-112.
Muhammad, H. L., Garba, R., Abdullah, A. S., Muhammad, H. K., Busari, M. B., Hamzah, R. U., & Makun, H. A. (2021). In vivo anti-typhoid and safety evaluation of extracts of Ximenia americana on experimental rats. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine, 1, 100009.
Muthee, G.D., Ngugi, M., and Mburu, D. ( 2019). Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect of dichloromethane-methanolic extracts of Ximenia americana leaves and barks in rats and mice models. Asian journal of natural product Biochemistry, 17(2).
Mutwiwa, C., Rotich, B., Kauti, M., &Rithaa, J. (2018).Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Mwala sub-county, Machakos County, Kenya. J. Dis. Med. Plants, 4, 110-119.
Ngowi, N. J. (2015). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kondoa eroded area of central Tanzania. Int. J. Sci. Basic Appl. Res, 21, 223-233.
Niazi J, Gupta V, Chakarborty P, Kumar P. (2010). Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity of Aleuritismoluccana leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Clinical Research. 3: 35-37.
Nordeng, H., Al-Zayadi, W., Diallo, D., Ballo, N., & Paulsen, B. S. (2013).Traditional medicine practitioners’ knowledge and views on treatment of pregnant women in three regions of Mali. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 9, 1-10.
Nvau, J. B., Auwal, M., Nangbes, J. G., Wufem, B. M., &Gushit, J. S. (2014). Anti-mycobacterium activity and Bioassay guided fractionation of the leave extract of Ximenia americana L.
Nyangacha, R. M., Mathiu, P. M., Mwangi, M., &Kigondu, E. V. (2016). Antinociceptive effect of Pentas lanceolata and Ximenia americana medicinal plants used to treat malaria traditionally in Kenya. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5(2).
Olabissi, O. A. F., Moussa, O., Moustapha, O., Edgard, Z. F., Eleonore, K., Marius, L., & Pierre, G. I. (2011). Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous ethanol extract of root bark of Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(7), 806-811.
Olanrewaju Timothy, O., Odumosu Patricia, O., & Eyong Kenneth, O. (2019). Anti-trypanosomal evaluation of Ximenia americana root bark and chromatographic-mass spectrometric profile. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2).
Pare, D., N’do, J. Y. P., Guenne, S., Nikiema, M., & Hilou, A. (2019). Phytochemical study and biological activities of two medicinal plants used in burkinafaso: Lannea velutina a. Rich (Anacardiaceae) and Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae). Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences, 6, 1-9.
Pessoa, R. T., Alcântara, I. S., da Silva, L. Y. S., da Costa, R. H. S., Silva, T. M., de Morais Oliveira-Tintino, C. D., ... & de Menezes, I. R. A. (2023). Ximenia americana L.: Chemical Characterization and Gastroprotective Effect. Analytica, 4(2), 141-158.
Rasool, A., Bhat, K. M., Sheikh, A. A., Jan, A., & Hassan, S. (2020). Medicinal plants: Role, distribution and future. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 9 (2), 2111-2114.
Ribeiro, A., Romeiras, M. M., Tavares, J., & Faria, M. T. (2010). Ethnobotanical survey in Canhane village, district of Massingir, Mozambique: medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 6, 1-15.
Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N., &Paganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in plant science, 2(4), 152-159.
Rotich, C. K., Nyangacha, R. M., Wachira, S. W., Ngeiywa, M. M., &Kigondu, E. V. (2015).Antimalarial activities and toxicity levels of selected medicinal plants used in Kenya. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 4(3).
Rotich, C., Makwali, J., Ngeiywa, M., & Bowen, A. (2022). Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malarial Infections by the Marakwet Community in Kenya. Africa Environmental Review Journal, 5(2), 271-286.
Sacande, M., & Vautier, H. (2006). Ximenia americana seed leaflet. Millennium seed bank project, kew. Forest & landscape, Denmark Let. 112.
Serafim C, Araruna ME, Diniz M. A review of the role of flavonoids in peptic ulcer (2010–2020) ( 2020). Molecules. 25(22):5431. doi:10.3390/ molecules2522543122.
Shagal, D. M. H., Kubmarawa, J., &Barminas, J. T. (2013). Evaluation of antimicrobial property of Ximenia americana. Journal of Biotechnology and pharmaceutical Research, 4(6), 99-102.
Shai, K. N., Ncama, K., Ndhlovu, P. T., Struwig, M., & Aremu, A. O. (2020).An exploratory study on the diverse uses and benefits of locally-sourced fruit species in three villages of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Foods, 9(11), 1581.
Sharief, T. M., Bashier, R. S. M., & Haroon, M. I. (2022). Phytochemical Evaluation and Uses of Ximenia americana L in Central Darfur. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 11(02), 353-360.
Shehu, M. M., Elisha, I. L., Adeoye, B. O., & Arowolo, R. O. A. (2023). Ethno-Botanical Survey: Exploring Indigenous Remedies for African Animal Trypanosomosis in Nigeria. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 32(10), 45-55.
Shettar, A. K., and Vedamurthy, A. B. (2017). Evaluation of in-vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon. Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(3).
Shettar, A. K., Sateesh, M. K., Kaliwal, B. B., &Vedamurthy, A. B. (2017). In vitro antidiabetic activities and GC-MS phytochemical analysis of Ximenia americana extracts. South African Journal of Botany, 111, 202-211.
Siddaiah, M., Jayaveera, K. N., Souris, K., Yashodha, K. J. P., and Kumar, P. V. (2011). Phytochemical screening and antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of leaves of X. americana in rats. International journal of Innovative Pharmaceutical Research, 2(1), 78-83
Silas, S. S., & Newman, W. (2018). Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by Bapedi traditional healers to treat hypertension in the Polokwane Munucipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Indilinga African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 17(1), 109-129.
Soro, T. Y., Zahoui, O. S., NeneBi, A. S., & Traore, F. (2016). Analgesic activity of the fractions of the aqueous extract of Ximenia americana (Linné)(Olacaceae). International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 4(1), 1-6.
Süntar, I. (2020). Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19(5), 1199-1209.
Togbossi, L. A., Lawson-Evi, P., Diallo, A., Eklu-Gadegbeku, K., &Aklikokou, K. (2020). Evaluation of antioxidant and antidepressant activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ximenia americana stem bark. J Phytopharmacol, 9(5), 323-328.
Togola, I., Dembélé, J., Daou, C., Dénou, A., Diarra, N., Badiaga, M., Sanogo, R., (2020). Ethnobotanical survey and phytochemical screening of some plants used in the management of Erectile Dysfunction in Bwatun (Mali). Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 9(1), 1-8.
Urso, V., Signorini, M. A., & Bruschi, P. (2013). Survey of the ethnobotanical uses of Ximenia americana L.(mum Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N., &Paganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in plant science, 2(4), 152-159.peke) among rural communities in South Angola. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(1), 7-18.
Zenebe, G., Zerihun, M., & Solomon, Z. (2012).An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in AsgedeTsimbila district, Northwestern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 10, 305-320.
Agyigra, A. I., Ejiofor, J. I., Magaji, M. G., & Yakubu, Y. (2017). Evaluation of Methanol Stem-bark Extract of Ximenia americana Linn (Olacaceae) for Phytoconstituents and Gastroprotection in Rats. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(4).
Alain, K. Y., Yovo, M., Boniface, Y., Pascal, A. D. C., Paul, T. F., Alain, A. G., & Dominique, S. C. (2014). Chemical study, antiradical and antibacterial potential of the extracts of Ximenia americana and Cussonia arborea of Benin. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1626-1635.
Alemneh D. (2021). Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for Human Ailments in Yilmana Densa and Quarit Districts of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. BioMed research international, 6615666.https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6615666
Atmani D, Chaher N, Atmani D, Berboucha M, Debbache N, Boudaoud H. (2009). Flavonoids in human health: from structure to biological activity. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2009;5:225–237. doi:10.2174/157340109790218049
Bagu, D. G., Otokpa, E. S., &Amagon, K. I. (2023). Evaluation of Antisickling Activity and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Ximenia americana Linn.(Olacacaea). Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 26(9), 49-60.
Bagu, D. G., Otokpa, E. S., &Amagon, K. I. (2023). Evaluation of Antisickling Activity and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Ximenia americana Linn.(Olacacaea). Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 26(9), 49-60.
Bazezew, A. M., Emire, S. A., & Sisay, M. T. (2021). Bioactive composition, free radical scavenging and fatty acid profile of Ximenia americana grown in Ethiopia. Heliyon, 7(6), e07187.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07187
Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the management of HIV/AIDS related diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia. Evidence‐based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (1), 4238625.
Chinsembu, K. C., Syakalima, M., & Semenya, S. S. (2019).Ethnomedicinal plants used by traditional healers in the management of HIV/AIDS opportunistic diseases in Lusaka, Zambia. South African Journal of Botany, 122, 369-384.
da Silva, B. A. F., Pessoa, R. T., da Costa, R. H. S., de Oliveira, M. R. C., Ramos, A. G. B., de Lima Silva, M. G., ... & Júnior, L. J. Q. (2023). Evaluation of the antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) bark extract in experimental models of inflammation. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 166, 115249.
Dejene, T., Agamy, M. S., Agúndez, D., & Martin-Pinto, P. (2020). Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible fruit tree species in low land areas of Ethiopia. Forests, 11(2), 177.
del Val, J. (2023). 1st Liveable Futures Report: Food of Mass destruction: how exploiting animals drives us to extinction. Plant-based diet as global emergency; creating an integrative frame of action.Journal of Posthumanism 4(1):33-38
Delma, E. T., Ouédraogo, M., Ouédraogo, A. S., Nikiema, A. W., Abdoulaye Gambo, M., Ramde, N., ...& Guissou, P. I. (2023). Antiulcer Effect of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts of Pseudocedrelakotschyi (Schweinf) Harms (Meliaceae) and Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae). Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 231-240.
Delma, E. T., Ouédraogo, M., Ouédraogo, A. S., Nikiema, A. W., Abdoulaye Gambo, M., Ramde, N., ...& Guissou, P. I. (2023). Antiulcer Effect of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts of Pseudocedrelakotschyi (Schweinf) Harms (Meliaceae) and Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae). Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 231-240.
Demissew, T., Najma, D., Kinyamario, J. I., & Kiboi, S. (2016). The utilizattion of medicinal plants by the Masaai community in arid lands of Kajado county, Kenya.
Desissa D and Binggeli P, “Uses and conservation status of medicinal pants used by the Shinasha people,” pp. 1–12, 2020, http://www.mikepalmer.co.uk/woodyplantecology/ethiopia/ shinasha.htm.
Duncan, C. M., Buchanan, C., & Patrick, M. (2016).An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Masaai people of Losho, Kenya. Int. J. Pharmacol. Res, 6, 68-74.
Eisawi, K. A., Gibreel, H. H., Hong, H., Shaheen, T., Abdalla, O. M., & Yasin, E. H. (2022).Ethnobotanical study of medicinal trees and shrubs from the Rashad District of Southern Kordofan, Sudan. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 62(2), 337-357.
Eshete, M. A., & Molla, E. L. (2021).Cultural significance of medicinal plants in healing human ailments among Guji semi-pastoralist people, Suro Barguda District, Ethiopia. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 17, 1-18.
Feyssa, D. H., Njoka, J. T., Asfaw, Z., &Nyangito, M. M. (2012). Uses and management of Ximenia americana, Olacaceae in semi-arid East Shewa, Ethiopia. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(4), 1177-1184.
Gaichu, D. M., Mathabe, P., and Ngugi, M. P. ( 2023). Evaluation of cardiopreventive effects of Ximenia americana (Linn) and Pappea capensis (Eckl. And Zeyh) leaf aqueous extracts in rat model with myocardial infarction.Future journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 9(1), 41.
Gaichu, D. M., Mawia, A. M., Gitonga, G. M., Ngugi, M. P., & Mburu, D. N. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antipyretic activities of dichloromethane-methanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of Ximenia americana in rat models. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 6(3), 107-113.
Gaichu, D. M., Mawia, A. M., Gitonga, G. M., Ngugi, M. P., & Mburu, D. N. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antipyretic activities of dichloromethane-methanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of Ximenia americana in rat models. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 6(3), 107-113.
Geyid, A., Abebe, D., Debella, A., Makonnen, Z., Aberra, F., Teka, F., ...& Guta, M. (2005). Screening of some medicinal plants of Ethiopia for their anti-microbial properties and chemical profiles. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 97(3), 421-427.
Hassan, A. U., Madu, A. H., Ozojiofor, U. O., Galadanci, A. H., Mato, I. B., & Jafaru, R. (2021). Antimicrobial activities of Cymbopogon citratus and Ximenia americana leaf extracts against some selected bacterial and yeast clinical isolates. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 9(1), 1-10.
Jiofack, T., Fokunang, C., Guedje, N., Kemeuze, V., Fongnzossie, E., Nkongmeneck, B. A., ...&Tsabang, N. (2010). Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants of two ethnoecological regions of Cameroon. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(3), 60-79.
Kamita, M. K., Matu, E. N., Njenga, E. W., Wanga, J., Amalemba, G., &Kigondu, E. V. (2014). In vivo antifertility activity and phytochemical screening of selected Kenyan medicinal plants. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 3(3).
Kawo, A. H., Suleiman, Z. A., &Yusha’u, M. (2011). Studies on the antibacterial activity and chemical constituents of Khaya senegalensis and Ximenia americana leaf extracts. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(26), 4562-4568.
KIESSOUN, K., ROLAND, M. N. T., MAMOUNATA, D., YOMALAN, K., SYTAR, O., SOUZ, A., ...& DICKO, M. H. (2018). Antimicrobial profiles, antidiarrheal and antipyretic capacities of phenol acid rich-fractions from Ximenia America L.,(Olacaceae) in wistar albino rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 10, 62-70.
Kingo, R. M., &Maregesi, S. M. (2020).Ethnopharmacological study on some medicinal plants used in Ujiji, Kigoma, Tanzania. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 9(2), 102-109.
KONATE, K., Nabéré, O., Arsène, M., Souza, A., & Sitar, O. (2018). Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Polyphenol-Rich Fractions of Roots from Ximenia americana L.,(Olacaceae), in Experimental Mice.
Kyazike, E. (2021). Exploring the preference for indigenous medicinal plant medicine in Buliisa District, Western Uganda. Inkanyiso: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(1), 77-105.
Lemmens, R. (2023). Useful Trees of East Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. BoD-Books on Demand.
Maikai, B. V., &Maikai, V. A. (2015). Effects of treatment with fraction IV extract of Ximenia americana on the survival rate, packed cell volume and total plasma proteins of Trypanosoma congolense infected mice. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, 7(5), 101-107.
Maikai, V. A. (2010). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-trypanosomal activity of stem bark of Ximenia americana. International Journal of Biology, 2(2), 50.
Maikai, V. A., Kobo, P. I., &Maikai, B. V. O. (2010). Antioxidant properties of Ximenia americana. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(45), 7744-7746.
Maikai, V. A., Maikai, B. V., & Kobo, P. I. (2009). Antimicrobial properties of stem bark extracts of Ximenia americana. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(2), 30.
Manzo, L. M., Moussa, I., &Ikhiri, K. (2017). Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants used against diarrhea in Niger, West Africa. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5(4), 32-38.
Marealle, A. I., Moshi, M., Innocent, E., Qwarse, M., & Andrae-Marobela, K. (2021). Ethnomedical survey of plants used for the management of HIV and AIDS-related conditions in Mbulu District, Tanzania. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 15(1), 1-21.
Mariko, M., Sarr, S. O., Diop, A., Modi, I. A., Dackouo, B., & Diop, Y. M. (2016). Antioxidant activity study and total phenolic determination of leaf extracts of Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae) an antitumor plant used traditionally in Mali. Madani. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 106, 10258-10265.
Masresha, G., Melkamu, Y., &Chekole, G. (2021). Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Trees and Shrubs Used to Treat Human and Livestock Aliments in Metema District, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Natural and Computational Sciences, 1(2), 122-147.
Matenanga, O. K., Boitumelo, W., Mareko, M., Mojeremane, W., Seifu, E., Tait, M., ...& Haki, G. D. (2024). Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Morula (Sclerocaryabirrea), Moretologa (Ximenia americana), Mowana (Adansonia digitata L.) and Mogose (Bauhinia petersiana): Indigenous Plants in Botswana.
Maundu, M. P., Ngugi, W. G., & Kabuye, H. S. C. (1999). Traditional food plants of Kenya.
Mekuanent, T., Zebene, A., & Solomon, Z. (2015). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Chilga district, Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Remedies, 88-112.
Muhammad, H. L., Garba, R., Abdullah, A. S., Muhammad, H. K., Busari, M. B., Hamzah, R. U., & Makun, H. A. (2021). In vivo anti-typhoid and safety evaluation of extracts of Ximenia americana on experimental rats. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine, 1, 100009.
Muthee, G.D., Ngugi, M., and Mburu, D. ( 2019). Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect of dichloromethane-methanolic extracts of Ximenia americana leaves and barks in rats and mice models. Asian journal of natural product Biochemistry, 17(2).
Mutwiwa, C., Rotich, B., Kauti, M., &Rithaa, J. (2018).Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Mwala sub-county, Machakos County, Kenya. J. Dis. Med. Plants, 4, 110-119.
Ngowi, N. J. (2015). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kondoa eroded area of central Tanzania. Int. J. Sci. Basic Appl. Res, 21, 223-233.
Niazi J, Gupta V, Chakarborty P, Kumar P. (2010). Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity of Aleuritismoluccana leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Clinical Research. 3: 35-37.
Nordeng, H., Al-Zayadi, W., Diallo, D., Ballo, N., & Paulsen, B. S. (2013).Traditional medicine practitioners’ knowledge and views on treatment of pregnant women in three regions of Mali. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 9, 1-10.
Nvau, J. B., Auwal, M., Nangbes, J. G., Wufem, B. M., &Gushit, J. S. (2014). Anti-mycobacterium activity and Bioassay guided fractionation of the leave extract of Ximenia americana L.
Nyangacha, R. M., Mathiu, P. M., Mwangi, M., &Kigondu, E. V. (2016). Antinociceptive effect of Pentas lanceolata and Ximenia americana medicinal plants used to treat malaria traditionally in Kenya. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5(2).
Olabissi, O. A. F., Moussa, O., Moustapha, O., Edgard, Z. F., Eleonore, K., Marius, L., & Pierre, G. I. (2011). Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous ethanol extract of root bark of Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(7), 806-811.
Olanrewaju Timothy, O., Odumosu Patricia, O., & Eyong Kenneth, O. (2019). Anti-trypanosomal evaluation of Ximenia americana root bark and chromatographic-mass spectrometric profile. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2).
Pare, D., N’do, J. Y. P., Guenne, S., Nikiema, M., & Hilou, A. (2019). Phytochemical study and biological activities of two medicinal plants used in burkinafaso: Lannea velutina a. Rich (Anacardiaceae) and Ximenia americana L.(Olacaceae). Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences, 6, 1-9.
Pessoa, R. T., Alcântara, I. S., da Silva, L. Y. S., da Costa, R. H. S., Silva, T. M., de Morais Oliveira-Tintino, C. D., ... & de Menezes, I. R. A. (2023). Ximenia americana L.: Chemical Characterization and Gastroprotective Effect. Analytica, 4(2), 141-158.
Rasool, A., Bhat, K. M., Sheikh, A. A., Jan, A., & Hassan, S. (2020). Medicinal plants: Role, distribution and future. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 9 (2), 2111-2114.
Ribeiro, A., Romeiras, M. M., Tavares, J., & Faria, M. T. (2010). Ethnobotanical survey in Canhane village, district of Massingir, Mozambique: medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 6, 1-15.
Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N., &Paganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in plant science, 2(4), 152-159.
Rotich, C. K., Nyangacha, R. M., Wachira, S. W., Ngeiywa, M. M., &Kigondu, E. V. (2015).Antimalarial activities and toxicity levels of selected medicinal plants used in Kenya. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 4(3).
Rotich, C., Makwali, J., Ngeiywa, M., & Bowen, A. (2022). Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malarial Infections by the Marakwet Community in Kenya. Africa Environmental Review Journal, 5(2), 271-286.
Sacande, M., & Vautier, H. (2006). Ximenia americana seed leaflet. Millennium seed bank project, kew. Forest & landscape, Denmark Let. 112.
Serafim C, Araruna ME, Diniz M. A review of the role of flavonoids in peptic ulcer (2010–2020) ( 2020). Molecules. 25(22):5431. doi:10.3390/ molecules2522543122.
Shagal, D. M. H., Kubmarawa, J., &Barminas, J. T. (2013). Evaluation of antimicrobial property of Ximenia americana. Journal of Biotechnology and pharmaceutical Research, 4(6), 99-102.
Shai, K. N., Ncama, K., Ndhlovu, P. T., Struwig, M., & Aremu, A. O. (2020).An exploratory study on the diverse uses and benefits of locally-sourced fruit species in three villages of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Foods, 9(11), 1581.
Sharief, T. M., Bashier, R. S. M., & Haroon, M. I. (2022). Phytochemical Evaluation and Uses of Ximenia americana L in Central Darfur. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 11(02), 353-360.
Shehu, M. M., Elisha, I. L., Adeoye, B. O., & Arowolo, R. O. A. (2023). Ethno-Botanical Survey: Exploring Indigenous Remedies for African Animal Trypanosomosis in Nigeria. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 32(10), 45-55.
Shettar, A. K., and Vedamurthy, A. B. (2017). Evaluation of in-vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon. Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(3).
Shettar, A. K., Sateesh, M. K., Kaliwal, B. B., &Vedamurthy, A. B. (2017). In vitro antidiabetic activities and GC-MS phytochemical analysis of Ximenia americana extracts. South African Journal of Botany, 111, 202-211.
Siddaiah, M., Jayaveera, K. N., Souris, K., Yashodha, K. J. P., and Kumar, P. V. (2011). Phytochemical screening and antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of leaves of X. americana in rats. International journal of Innovative Pharmaceutical Research, 2(1), 78-83
Silas, S. S., & Newman, W. (2018). Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by Bapedi traditional healers to treat hypertension in the Polokwane Munucipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Indilinga African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 17(1), 109-129.
Soro, T. Y., Zahoui, O. S., NeneBi, A. S., & Traore, F. (2016). Analgesic activity of the fractions of the aqueous extract of Ximenia americana (Linné)(Olacaceae). International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 4(1), 1-6.
Süntar, I. (2020). Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19(5), 1199-1209.
Togbossi, L. A., Lawson-Evi, P., Diallo, A., Eklu-Gadegbeku, K., &Aklikokou, K. (2020). Evaluation of antioxidant and antidepressant activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ximenia americana stem bark. J Phytopharmacol, 9(5), 323-328.
Togola, I., Dembélé, J., Daou, C., Dénou, A., Diarra, N., Badiaga, M., Sanogo, R., (2020). Ethnobotanical survey and phytochemical screening of some plants used in the management of Erectile Dysfunction in Bwatun (Mali). Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 9(1), 1-8.
Urso, V., Signorini, M. A., & Bruschi, P. (2013). Survey of the ethnobotanical uses of Ximenia americana L.(mum Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N., &Paganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in plant science, 2(4), 152-159.peke) among rural communities in South Angola. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(1), 7-18.
Zenebe, G., Zerihun, M., & Solomon, Z. (2012).An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in AsgedeTsimbila district, Northwestern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 10, 305-320.
##submissions.published##
2024-10-25
How to Cite
Ngeiywa, M., Rotich, C., Makwali, J., & Wetungu, M. (2024, October 25). Medicinal uses and pharmacological activity of Ximenia americana L. - A systematic review. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 8(1), Pg. 179-200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v8i1.1071
##issue.issue##
##section.section##
Articles
