Modeling Remote Learning in Nigeria: Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic

  • Ijeoma Chisolum Aboaja University of Ottawa, Canada
##article.subject##: Remote Learning, Nigeria, Elementary, Education, Covid-19

##article.abstract##

Education globally is among the sectors with devastating impact from the Covid-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic, Nigeria accounted for approximately 20% of the global out-of-school population. Its education system heavily adopted the face-to-face approach to teaching and learning in schools. This learning method exacerbated the digital divide gap during the Covid-19 pandemic, as most students could not continue their education. This reality has informed UNESCO’s (2021) social contract on education, urging attention to be directed to nations that global challenges threaten their rights to education. Therefore, this study aimed to address the problem of the out-of-school population from the foundation (elementary schools) by investigating the remote learning strategies used in primary schools globally. Two questions guided this study: What promising strategies are in the existing research literature on remote teaching and learning? What are the possibilities and limitations of those remote teaching and learning strategies for Nigeria? A systematic literature review was conducted through the documented reality of what has been happening in different nations since the Covid-19 pandemic with remote learning. Three themes emerged as necessary strategies to effectively implement remote learning in Nigerian elementary schools. They include (1) the utilization of a variety of technologies (2) the provision of support during remote learning (3) adaptations to traditional teaching methods. These findings speak to the need to add educators' voices in bridging the existing gap with remote learning and inform new policy developments targeted at elementary schools. Similarly, mobile learning intervention looks promising since Nigeria's recorded increase in smartphone use and internet penetration. Significantly, this paper will cause some deep reflections on the practise of remote learning at the elementary level and promote changes in the teaching pedagogy.

References

Adanikin, A., Adeoye, I. A., & Adanikin, A. F. (2020). Engineering education factors and academic performance in South- Western Nigerian universities. World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, 7(2), 66–71.

Adedoja, G., Adelore, O., Egbokhare, F., & Oluleye, A. (2013). Learners’ acceptance of the use of mobile phones to deliver tutorials in a distance learning context: A case study at the University of Ibadan. The African Journal of Information Systems, 5(3), 80–93.

Adeoye, I., Adanikin, A., & Adanikin, A. (2020). Covid-19 and e-learning: Nigeria tertiary education system experience. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS), 5(5), 28–31.

Agbele, A. T., & Oyelade, E. A. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on the Nigerian educational system: Strengths and challenges of online/virtual education. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2020/v13i130322

Alsswey, A., & Al-Samarraie, H. (2019). M-learning adoption in the Arab Gulf countries: A systematic review of factors and challenges. Education and Information Technologies, 24(5), 3163–3176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09923-1

Ames, K., Harris, L. R., Dargusch, J., & Bloomfield, C. (2020). ‘So you can make it fast or make it up’: K–12 teachers’ perspectives on technology’s affordances and constraints when supporting distance education learning. The Australian Educational Researcher, 48(2), 359–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-020-00395-8
Amorighoye, T. A. (2020, June 2). Covid-19 has exposed the education divide in Nigeria. This is how we can close it. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/authors/april-amorighoye

Aoki, K. (2012). Generations of distance education: Technologies, pedagogies, and organizations. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55, 1183–1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.613

Azubuike, O. B., Adegboye, O., & Quadri, H. (2021). Who gets to learn in a pandemic? Exploring the digital divide in remote learning during the Covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100022

Basham, J. D., Smith, S. J., Greer, D. L., & Marino, M. T. (2013). The scaled arrival of K–12 online education: Emerging realities and implications for the future of education. Journal of Education (Boston, Mass.), 193(2), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205741319300206

Basilaia, G., & Kvavadze, D. (2020). Transition to online education in schools during a SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Georgia. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), 2468–4929. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7937

Bates, A. W. (2001). Beyond button-pushing: Using technology to improve learning. In R. Epper & A. W. Bates (Eds.), Teaching faculty how to use technology: Best practices from leading institutions (pp. 141–152). Westport: American Council on Education/Oryx Press.

Bates, A.W. & Poole, G. (2003) Effective teaching with technology in higher education: Foundations for success. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bozkurt, A. (2019). From distance education to open and distance learning: A holistic evaluation of history, definitions, and theories. In Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism (252–273). IGI Global.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (p. 57–71). American Psychological Association.

Brom, C., Lukavský, J., Greger, D., Hannemann, T., Straková, J., & Švaříček, R. (2020). Mandatory home education during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Czech Republic: A rapid survey of 1st-9th graders' parents. Frontiers in Education, 5,103.

Butler, Y. G. (2018). Learning a second language as a child. In A. Burns & J. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to learning second languages (pp. 9–18). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and teacher education: A literature review of online teaching and learning practices. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1821184

Casey, D. M. (2008). The historical development of distance education through technology. TechTrends, 52(2), 45–51. doi:10.100711528-008-0135-z

Correa, T., Pavez, I., & Contreras, J. (2018). Digital inclusion through mobile phones?: A comparison between mobile-only and computer users in internet access, skills and 17 use. Information, Communication & Society, 23(7), 1074–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2018.1555270

Chigeza, P., & Halbert, K. (2014). Navigating e-learning and blended learning for pre-service teachers: Redesigning for engagement, access and efficiency. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(11), 133–146. doi:10.14221/ajte.204v39n11.8

Curtain, R. (2002). Online delivery in the vocational education and training sector: Improving cost effectiveness. National Centre for Vocational Education Research.

Dennis, J. (2003). Problem-Based learning in online vs. Face-to-face environments. Education for Health: Change in Learning & Practice, 16(2), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357628031000116907

Du, Y., & Sun, Z. (2016). Finance system and policy review of Chinese rural compulsory education. In Research on Compulsory Education Financing in China (pp. 1–19). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47830-1_1

Ebohon, O., Obienu, A. C., Irabor, F., Amadin, F. I., & Omoregie, E. S. (2021). Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on education in Nigeria: Insights from teachers and students on virtual/online learning. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00538-6

Egielewa, P., Idogho, P. O., Iyalomhe, F. O., & Cirella, G. T. (2021). Covid-19 and digitized education: Analysis of online learning in Nigerian higher education. E-Learning and Digital Media, 204275302110228. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211022808

Ewing, L., & Cooper, H. B. (2021). Technology-enabled remote learning during Covid-19: perspectives of Australian teachers, students and parents. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1868562

Eze, S. C., Chinedu-Eze, V. C., & Bello, A. O. (2018). The utilisation of e-learning facilities in the educational delivery system of Nigeria: A study of M-University. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0116-z

Eze, U. N., Sefotho, M. M., Onyishi, C. N., & Eseadi, C. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education in Nigeria: Implications for policy and practice of e-learning. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1–36.

Federal Republic of Nigeria (2014): National policy on education, 6th edition. Publisher: NERDC.

Ferren, M. (2021, November 7). Remote learning and school reopenings: What worked and what didn’t. Center for American Progress. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/remote-learning-school-reopenings-worked-didnt/

Galusha, J. M. (1997). Barriers to learning in distance education. Interpersonal Computing and Technology, 5(3/4), 6–14.

Genette, G. (1972). Narrative discourse: An essay in method. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2F15orient.com%2Ffiles%2Fgenette-on-narrative-discourse.pdf&clen=18012458&chunk=true

Global Partnership for Education. (2020). Nigeria. https://www.globalpartnership.org/wherewe-work/nigeria

Gill, B., Walsh, L., Wulsin, C. S., Matulewicz, H., Severn, V., Grau, E., Lee, A., Kerwin, T. (2015). Inside online charter schools. Mathematica Policy Research. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560967.pdf

Harden, A. (2010). Mixed-methods systematic reviews: Integrating quantitative and qualitative findings. FOCUS Technical Brief, 25. A Publication of the National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research (NCDDR). https://ktdrr.org/ktlibrary/articles_pubs/ncddrwork/focus/focus25/Focus25.pd

Herwin, H., Hastomo, A., Saptono, B., Ardiansyah, A. R., & Wibowo, S. E. (2021). How elementary school teachers organized online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic? World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 13(3), 437–449. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i3.5952

Hudson, H. (2020, April 28). Kids (and teachers) don’t need to spend 8 hours a day on school work right now. We Are Teachers. Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://www.weareteachers.com/virtual-learning-schedule/

Human Rights Watch. (2020, October 28). Impact of Covid-19 on children’s education in Africa. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/26/impact-covid-19-childrens-educationafrica

Human Rights Watch. (2021, January 13). World report 2021: Rights trends in Nigeria. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/nigeria#

Ige, A. M. (2013). Poverty of primary education in Nigeria: The way forward. Education 3–13, 42(6), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2012.759603

Iivari, N., Sharma, S., & Ventä-Olkkonen, L. (2020). Digital transformation of everyday life – How COVID-19 pandemic transformed the basic education of the young generation and why information management research should care? International Journal of Information Management, 55, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102183

Ikwuka, O. I., Okoye, A. C., Olanikawu, S. A., Udenwa, V. C., Okoye, C. C., & Ikwuka, D. C. (2021). Emergency remote teaching during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Nigeria University students’ perspective. Global Biosecurity, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31646/gbio.126

ISTE. (n.d.). Essential Conditions | ISTE. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from https://www.iste.org/standards/iste-essential-conditions

Kemp, S. (2021, February 11). Digital in Nigeria: All the statistics you need in 2021. DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-nigeria

Khan, A. I., Al-Shihi, H., Al-khanjari, Z. A., & Sarrab, M. (2015). Mobile learning (M-Learning) adoption in the Middle East: Lessons learned from the educationally advanced countries. Telematics and Informatics, 32(4), 909–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.04.005

Khan, S., Hwang, G., Azeem Abbas, M., & Rehman, A. (2018). Mitigating the urban-rural educational gap in developing countries through mobile technology‐supported learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(2), 735–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12692

Kitchenham, B., Pearl-Brereton, O., Budgen, D., Turner, M., Bailey, J., Linkman, S. (2019). Systematic literature reviews in software engineering–A systematic literature review. Information and Software Technology (51), 7–15.

Kong, Q. (2020). Practical exploration of home study guidance for students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Hangzhou Liuxia elementary school in Zhejiang Province, China. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 5(2), 557–561. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.rp026

Khlaif, Z. N., Salha, S., Affouneh, S., Rashed, H., & ElKimishy, L. A. (2020). The Covid-19 epidemic: teachers’ responses to school closure in developing countries. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 1–15.

Kuliya, M., & Usman, S. (2021). Perceptions of e-learning among undergraduates and academic staff of higher educational institutions in north-eastern Nigeria. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1787–1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10325-x

Kwan, P, Wong, Y (2016) Parental involvement in schools and class inequality in education: some recent findings from Hong Kong. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 11(2): 91–102. DOI: 10.1080/22040552.2016.1227250

Lau, E. Y. H., & Lee, K. (2020). Parents’ views on young children’s distance learning and screen time during COVID-19 class suspension in Hong Kong. Early Education and Development, 32(6), 863–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1843925

Lee, K. (2017). Rethinking the accessibility of online higher education: a historical review. The Internet and Higher Education, 33, 15–23. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.01.001

Loukomies, A., & Juuti, K. (2021). Primary students’ experiences of remote learning during COVID-19 school closures: A case study of Finland. Education Sciences, 11(9), 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090560

Mba, D. (2019, July 3). Why Nigeria must get serious about primary school education. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-nigeria-must-get-serious-about-primary-school-education-119326

Molla, R. (2020, March 11). Coronavirus prompts Microsoft, Google, and Zoom to offer free software. Vox. Retrieved January 17, 2022, from https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/11/21173449/microsoft-google-zoom-slack-increased-demand-free-work-from-home-software

Moore, & Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance education : A systems view. Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Nashruddin, N., Alam, F. A., & Tanasy, N. (2020). Perceptions of teacher and students on the use of e-mail as a medium in distance learning. Berumpun: International Journal of Social, Politics, and Humanities, 3(2), 182-194.

Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC). (2014). e-Curriculum Portal. New Curriculum Subjects. https://nerdc.org.ng/eCurriculum/CurriculumView.aspx?SubjectId=82&SubEducation LevelId=3

Noonoo, S. (2020, May 4). How long should a remote school day be? There’s no consensus. EdSurge. Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-05-04-how-long-should-a-remote-school-day-be-there-s-no-consensus

Nwagwu, W. E. (2019). E-learning readiness of universities in Nigeria- What are the opinions of the academic staff of Nigeria’s premier university? Education and Information Technologies, 25(2), 1343–1370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10026-0

Obianeri, I. (2022, January 15). Kanu’s trial: IPOB declares sit-at-home in South-East on Tuesday. Punch Newspapers. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://punchng.com/kanus-trial-ipob-declares-sit-at-home-in-south-east-on-tuesday/

Ogundile, O. P., Bishop, S. A., Okagbue, H. I., Ogunniyi, P. O., & Olanrewaju, A. M. (2019). Factors influencing ICT adoption in some selected secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 14(10), 62. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i10.10095

Ogunode, N. J., Jegede, D. (2021). Evaluation of factors responsible for inadequate infrastructural facilities in public universities in North Central Nigeria. Intercathedra 1(46), 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.INTERCATHEDRA.2021.00115

Oladimeji, A. I., Yusuf, H. A., Njoku, C. C., & Owolabi A. A. (2018). Computer science education in Nigeria secondary schools – Gap between policy pronouncement and implementation (Case study of Northeast zone Nigeria). International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 7(4), 463–466.

Olaitan, B. S. (2020). Challenges of integrating mobile technologies into teaching and learning process in Nigerian primary schools during Covid-19 pandemic. Trailblazer International Journal of Educational Research, 1(1).

Olanrewaju, G. S., Adebayo, S. B., Omotosho, A. Y., & Olajide, C. F. (2021). Left behind? The effects of digital gaps on e-learning in rural secondary schools and remote communities across Nigeria during the COVID19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100092

Olayemi, O. M., Adamu, A., & Olayemi, K. J. (2021). Perception and readiness of students’ towards online learning in Nigeria during Covid-19 pandemic. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1–21.

Onojah, A. A., Onojah, A. O., Olumorin, C. O., & O. Omosewo, E. (2021). Secondary school teachers’ accessibility to internet facilities for advanced instruction in Nigeria. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 3(2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v3i2.10686

Owate, C. N., & Akanwa, P. C. (2018). Demographic variables and students use of e-learning resources in private secondary schools libraries in Rivers State of Nigeria. Review of European Studies, 10(1), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n1p84

Pozas, M., Letzel, V., & Schneider, C. (2021). ‘Homeschooling in times of corona’: Exploring Mexican and German primary school students’ and parents’ chances and challenges during homeschooling. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 36(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2021.1874152

Richards, E., Aspegren, E., & Mansfield, E. (2021, February 4). A year into the pandemic, thousands of students still can’t get reliable WiFi for school. The digital divide remains worse than ever. USA TODAY. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2021/02/04/covid-online-schoolbroadband-internet-laptops/3930744001/

Samuel, N., Onasanya, S. A., & Yusuf, M. O. (2019). Engagement, learning styles and challenges of learning in the digital era among Nigerian secondary school students. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 15(4), 35–43

Scagnoli, N. (2009). A review of online learning and its evolution in Latin America. Policy Futures in Education, 7(5), 555–565. doi:10.2304/pfie.2009.7.5.555

Seabra, Teixeira, A., Abelha, M., & Aires, L. (2021). Emergency remote teaching and learning in Portugal: Preschool to secondary school teachers’ perceptions. Education Sciences, 11(7), 349–. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070349

Singh, V., & Thurman, A. (2019). How many ways can we define online learning? A systematic literature review of definitions of online learning (1988–2018). American Journal of Distance Education, 33(4), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2019.1663082

Sorensen, C. (2012). Learning online at the K-12 level: A parent/guardian perspective. International Journal of Instructional Media, 39(4), 297-307.

Swain, S. C. (2021). Is E-Learning for primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic a boon or bane? International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 16(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijwltt.20211101.oa6

Taylor, J. C. (1995). Distance education technologies: The fourth generation. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 11(2), 1-7. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet11/taylor.html

Taylor, J. C. (2001). Fifth generation distance education. Higher Education Division, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs.

UNESCO. (2021). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. Report from the International Commission on the Futures of Education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379707/PDF/379707eng.pdf.multi

UNICEF. (n.d.). Education. UNICEF Nigeria. Retrieved October 1, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education

Virginia, V. (2021, April 1). Best EdTech tools of 2021: Ultimate guide to technology in the classroom. iD Tech. Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://www.idtech.com/blog/best-edtech-tools-for-the-classroom

Wagner, C. J. (2021). PK-5 teacher perspectives on the design of remote teaching: Pedagogies and support structures to sustain student learning online. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1888340

Watts, M.M. (2003) Introduction: Technology as catalyst, new directions for teaching and learning, 94(Summer), 3–12. http://dx.doi.org.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/10.1002/tl.93

World Bank. (2021, September 24). Education and technology. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech#1

Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Yang, L., & Wang, C. (2020, February 2). Suspending classes without stopping learning: China’s education emergency management policy in the COVID-19 outbreak. IDEAS. https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v13y2020i3p55-d332192.html
##submissions.published##
2024-10-25
How to Cite
Aboaja, I. (2024, October 25). Modeling Remote Learning in Nigeria: Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 8(1), Pg. 31-46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v8i1.1060
##section.section##
Articles