African Journal of Education,Science and Technology

Phytoremediation of Chromium and Lead-Contaminated Soil Using Putative Raphanus raphanistrum

Gelas M. Simiyu — 2024-10-25

Potentially toxic elements, including Chromium and Lead, naturally occur in the environment, however, human activities such as extensive farming, industrialization, and mining increase Potentially toxic element concentrations in soils. Hence, this study aimed to assess enhanced phytoremediation of Chromium and Lead-contaminated soils with putative mutant, Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish). The putative plant was enhanced to phytoremediation of Chromium and Lead-contaminated soils. The soil physicochemical parameters pH, total organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity determined were 5.20, 2.57%, 21.50 meq%, and 0.05 mS/cm, respectively. Raphanus raphanistrum seeds were treated with 0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.00% concentrations of colchicine to heighten growth and morphological development in enhanced phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements in soil. The treated Raphanus raphanistrum at 0.50% colchicine removed 226.69±1.22 mg/Kg and 236.95±0.82 mg/Kg of Chromium and 880.49±1.46 mg/Kg and 518.80±0.81 mg/Kg Lead in the first (M₁) and second (M₂) generations respectively. At the same treatment level, the putative plant hyperaccumulation potentially toxic elements at M₁ and M₂ generations absorbed 68.60% and 22.00% of Chromium and Lead, respectively. The plant bioaccumulated high amounts of metal elements, Chromium and Lead, capable of causing potential environmental and health concerns. This study finding contributes significantly to phytoremediation techniques in ecological restoration and recommends putative R. raphanistrum for Chromium and Lead polluted soil decontamination.

Influence of Teacher Personality on the Performance of Learners in Kiswahili in Public Day Secondary Schools in Suba South Sub-County, Homa Bay County, Kenya

Sharon Onditi — 2024-10-25

The evolution of Kiswahili from its inception in the 18th century to its position as a globally acknowledged language is evidence of its advancement. The Language Policy of Kenya (2010) promotes the efficient management and utilization of Kiswahili for national development and effective administration of public services to fulfill the expectations and needs of citizens. This research aimed to investigate the impact of teacher personality on the performance of Kiswahili in public day secondary schools within Suba South Sub County. The study utilized a descriptive survey design with a mixed method approach. The target group consisted of 28 principals, 28 deputy principals and 47 Kiswahili teachers making a total of 103 participants. The sample size for the teachers, principals and deputy principals was determined through a census approach resulting into a final sample size of 103 participants. Questionnaires were used to collect data from Kiswahili teachers and principals while an interview guide was used to gather information from deputy principals. To ensure the validity of the research instruments, expert judgment was sought from university supervisors and reliability was determined through a test and retest method. The study was piloted in selected public day secondary schools within Suba North Sub-County. The quantitative data collected was analyzed descriptively using frequency, percentages, means, standard deviation as well as Pearson correlations and regression. Additionally the qualitative data obtained from the interviews was thematically analyzed. Ethical considerations such as obtaining approval from the Rongo University Directorate of Post Graduate Studies, obtaining a NACOSTI permit notifying the Suba South Sub County Office and principals of the sampled schools and assuring confidentiality to the respondents were taken into account. The findings revealed a significant relationship between teacher personality and performance with a correlation coefficient of r=.794 and p=.00<.05. This study may be of significance to principals, deputy principals, teachers and the Ministry of Education as well as other agencies such as the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and Teachers Service Commission. It may also benefit future researchers by providing insight into the selected teacher psychological factors influence students' performance in Kiswahili in public day secondary schools.

Modeling Remote Learning in Nigeria: Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic

Ijeoma Chisolum Aboaja — 2024-10-25

Education globally is among the sectors with devastating impact from the Covid-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic, Nigeria accounted for approximately 20% of the global out-of-school population. Its education system heavily adopted the face-to-face approach to teaching and learning in schools. This learning method exacerbated the digital divide gap during the Covid-19 pandemic, as most students could not continue their education. This reality has informed UNESCO’s (2021) social contract on education, urging attention to be directed to nations that global challenges threaten their rights to education. Therefore, this study aimed to address the problem of the out-of-school population from the foundation (elementary schools) by investigating the remote learning strategies used in primary schools globally. Two questions guided this study: What promising strategies are in the existing research literature on remote teaching and learning? What are the possibilities and limitations of those remote teaching and learning strategies for Nigeria? A systematic literature review was conducted through the documented reality of what has been happening in different nations since the Covid-19 pandemic with remote learning. Three themes emerged as necessary strategies to effectively implement remote learning in Nigerian elementary schools. They include (1) the utilization of a variety of technologies (2) the provision of support during remote learning (3) adaptations to traditional teaching methods. These findings speak to the need to add educators' voices in bridging the existing gap with remote learning and inform new policy developments targeted at elementary schools. Similarly, mobile learning intervention looks promising since Nigeria's recorded increase in smartphone use and internet penetration. Significantly, this paper will cause some deep reflections on the practise of remote learning at the elementary level and promote changes in the teaching pedagogy.

Community Participation as the Panacea of Sustainable Community Based Projects in Nyeri County, Kenya: The Moderating Role of Legal-political Framework

Fredrick Muniu — 2024-10-25

It is of great importance that community based projects aimed at empowering and improving the livelihood of target communities continue to deliver their intended benefits as long as the needs they aim at addressing still exist. However, such projects face challenges of sustainability especially in developing nations. The curiosity that lingered on the researchers’ mind was why some CBPs in the study area were experiencing success and sustainability while others did not. The study sought to find out whether community participation had a significant influence on sustainability of CBPs and whether the strength of the relationship between community participation and CBP sustainability is moderated by legal-political framework. A mixed method research approach was employed in this study. Data for the study was collected using survey questionnaires and interview schedules. To collect quantitative data, participants in our survey were CBPs members who were dully registered. Using multistage cluster sampling technique and guided by Krejcie & Morgan (1970) model for determining sample sizes, 380 respondents out of 34098 registered CBPS members were selected from a variety of 1861 registered CBPs. For the qualitative aspect of the study, interviews were conducted on six (6) community projects regional coordinators both from the government agency in charge of community projects and non-governmental organizations who were purposively selected for the study. Applying descriptive- correlational research design in a cross- sectional survey, our study reveals that involvement of project members in the community projects lifecycle has a significant positive influence on project sustainability. Our study also finds that legal political-framework plays a moderating role in the relationship between community participation and project sustainability. Implications for community participation, legal-political frame-work, project sustainability and directions for future research are discussed.

Embracing Effective leadership with Emotional Intelligence: Reflection of Students Organization Leaders in Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania

Elisifa Ezekiel Nnko — 2024-10-25

People with strong emotional intelligence who collaborate with assurance, dedication, harmony, and synergy are likely to build prosperous, effective businesses. This study's primary goal was to investigate how students' organizational leaders in Tanzania's higher education institutions relate to emotional intelligence and effectiveness as leaders. Under the direction of Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership, the study specifically identified various leadership efficacy levels among students' organizational leaders, investigated various emotional intelligence levels among students' organizational leaders, and looked at how different aspects of emotional intelligence affect the perceived level of leadership efficacy among leaders of student organizations in Tanzanian higher education institutions. In addition, the study adopted a descriptive research design using quantitative research technique. The population of the study included executive students’ organization leaders in 47 Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania. The rule of thumb theory was used to select 35 universities and university colleges whereby a total of 140 respondents were purposely selected. Furthermore, descriptive statistics, linear regression analysis techniques were employed whereas, various tests including normality test, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity were conducted. Further multiple linear regressions with independent t- test, one-way Analysis of Variance methods were employed to analyze data. The findings indicated that, self-awareness, management of emotions, high level of empathy and social awareness significantly predicted the levels of leadership effectiveness among student organization leaders. The study concluded students’ organization leaders with high level of emotional intelligence had higher ability to effectively lead their organizations. Basing on the findings, it was recommended that since emotional competencies and leadership are learned abilities; Higher Learning Institutions should develop sound and continuous programmes to improve emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness aspect of students’ organization leaders to avoid chaotic learning environment.

Contribution of Picture Communication Boards on expressive Language Skills of Learners with Hearing Impairment

Onditi Sharon — 2024-10-25

The most effective tool for human advancement is communication, encompassing the expressive aspect, which is crucial in various life aspects, demonstrating its importance in communication skills. Picture communication boards include sheets of symbolic presentation, letters, and real-life pictures that a learner may point to communicate with others. Guided by Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, the objective of the study was to determine the contribution of picture communication boards on the expressive language skills of learners with hearing impairment using a mixed-method approach within a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised 73 learners, 46 teachers, 7 headteachers, and 5 Educational Assessment and Resource Centre officers (EARCs), selected purposely. Quantitative data from the main respondents were collected through questionnaires and observation checklists. Simultaneously, interview guides were utilized to gather qualitative data from key informants. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively based on means, frequencies, and standard deviation, and inferentially based on Pearson Correlation, presented in tables. Qualitative data were presented in narratives after thematic analysis. The study concludes that the utilization of communication boards enhances the expressive language skills of learners with hearing impairment through the use of pictures, charts, relevant books, and tables. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education, through the Directorate of Special Needs Education, should upscale the use of communication boards as a teaching aid for learners with hearing impairment.

A systematic review of Datura stramonium as a potential biocide for mosquito control

Okumu Naomi — 2024-10-25

Global burden of malaria reduction has been significantly slowed down by malaria vectors developing resistance to conventional chemical pesticides currently in use. Anopheles mosquitoes, which are malaria vectors, have over time developed coping mechanisms which can enable them to detoxify poisonous chemical pesticides meant to kill them consequently threatening the effectiveness of such control measures. Coupled with the danger of the chemical pesticides on the environment, attention is shifting to natural products that would successfully control malaria vectors particularly those that have developed bacteria-mediated resistance to conventional pesticides currently in use. A web-based literature search using scientific databases was explored to find data on the insecticidal and antibacterial properties of Datura stramonium. This was prompted by a dearth of information on alternative bio-pesticides that are cost-effective, eco-friendly, and with high toxicity on vectors. This review evaluated the potential of extracts of D. stramonium in different solvents as a biocide. A lot of research on D. stramonium extracts has focused more on its potential as a medicinal plant rather than as a biocide. This review outlines research evidence that D. stramonium has phytochemicals and bio-active compounds which are antibacterial, insecticidal, and anti-malarial. Not much studies have been done with Anopheles gambiae of confirmed resistance and its inhibition effect on mosquito bacterial community is not fully understood.

An Assessment of the Influence of Availability of Instructional Media on Students’ Academic Performance in Kiswahili in Public Secondary Schools in Vihiga County, Kenya

Koteng Grace — 2024-10-25

The use of instructional media is crucial in achieving educational goals and improving students' academic performance. Teaching and learning Kiswahili at the secondary school level has proven to be a formidable task. This has resulted in poor academic performance in the subject during KCSE exams. This necessitates early intervention by employing a diverse range of instructional media to improve the retention of information at elevated levels. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess the influence of availability of instructional media on the students’ academic performance in Kiswahili in Public secondary schools in Vihiga County, Kenya. Constructivism theory and ASSURE Model guided this study. The study designs adopted were descriptive survey and correlational research. A sample size of 294 teachers, 367 form three students and 13 Principals were selected from 42 public secondary schools in the county. The sample size of teachers and students was arrived at by using Yamane’s formula (Yamane, 1967). To get sample of students, lists of all form three students from the 42 schools were used to identify samples to participate in the study. Only eight students were required from each school. For boys’ and girls’ schools, random selection of the eight students was done using Microsoft excel software from the list provided. For co- educational schools, students were grouped based on gender after which proportionate random selection was done. Male and female respondents were equally selected. Therefore, the total sample composed of three hundred and sixty seven students. Sample schools provided a list of all Kiswahili teachers. To get equal representation of both gender from the sample schools, Male and female respondents were divided into two groups after which proportionate random sampling was done. At least each and every school donated respondent for the study though not equally since some schools provide fewer teachers of Kiswahili than others, based their availability. Three County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (CQASOs) also participated in the study. Two questionnaires were employed to collect data from students and teachers while data from principals and CQASOs was collected through interview. Observation schedules and document analysis were also used to collect more data. The instruments were validated using experts’ help for content and face validity and piloted in two schools. The split half method was used and the data obtained subjected to the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r). The values obtained were r = 0.76 for teachers’ and r = 0.81 for students’ questionnaires. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically based on objectives and presented in narration form. Analysis of quantitative data was done using frequencies, percentages and regression. Presentation of the findings was done through frequency distribution tables and textual presentation. The findings of the study exposed acute shortage of instructional media in secondary schools in Vihiga County. The findings revealed that availability of instructional media influences students’ performance. Therefore, it was concluded that unavailability of adequate instructional media influences students’ academic performance in Kiswahili. The study therefore recommends that to realize desirable students’ performance in Kiswahili, instructional media should be availed for use. Teachers should also be encouraged to improvise alternatives where media are not available. The findings of the study are envisaged to guide educational policy makers in formulation and implementation of policies that would ensure adequate provision of educational resources in schools.

Development of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Driven Aid to Enhance Visual and Hearing- Impaired Students

Joseph Sospeter Salawa — 2024-10-25

This paper introduces a series of works on Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based assistive devices that improve students’ learning with visual and hearing impairments. Artificial intelligence technology provides personal help and support for various learning tasks and activities. The system uses computer vision techniques to read visual information such as text and images, which can be made available in usable formats such as audio descriptions. In addition, the system can recognize and respond to the user’s voice. commands and requests using speech recognition technologies. Stu- dents can view learning materials, get instant help with classroom activities, and participate in engaging learning exercises designed for their specific needs through an intuitive user interface. Ensuring equal access to educational resources. The project focuses on the effective and efficient teaching and mentoring of students with visual and hearing impairments. To understand the impact and applicability of the proposed AI-based tool in enhancing students with vision or hearing impairments and overall educational engagement, user surveys, and feedback are taken, and it is clear that, to a greater extent, it shows the potential and utility of the system to be included in real-world classroom settings. The importance of this paper is particularly based on the contention that it will bring about a major change as far as education is concerned in a bid to make these noble provisions available for students with disabilities. It speeds up access to the required information, fosters differentiation in delivering the instructions, offers quick help, helps improve academic achievement significantly, and helps learners develop confidence in themselves. Further refinements and extensive user evaluations are ongoing to ensure the system meets the diverse needs of students with visual and hearing impairments.

Effects of the Relevance of Workshop Facilities to Syllabi on the Utilization of Workshop Facilities in Teaching in Public TVET Institutions in Nairobi County, Kenya.

Ahmed Ferej — 2024-10-25

One of the objectives of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is to impart adequate and appropriate skills to trainees, consistent with the emerging technologies at all levels of the economy. However, despite the government’s effort to equip TVET institutions with workshops the quality of training is still low with inadequate and some outdated facilities coupled with undue emphasis on theory and certification, which is attributed to poor utilization of workshop facilities. The study was guided by the objective; to determine the degree to which syllabus relevance affected the utilization of workshop facilities for skills acquisition in public TVET Institutions in Kenya. To achieve the objective a sample of 298 respondents was selected consisting of students, technicians and teachers from three TVET institutions within Nairobi County, Kenya. Stratified, purposeful and simple random sampling methods were applied in choosing the participants. The observation schedule and the respondents’ interview through questionnaires were the data collection instruments. Through ANOVA test findings, the variable influenced the workshop facility utilization significantly at . There was a positive and significant relationship between the relevance of the facility and equipment to its utilization level with Pearson Correlation value of 0.366 and p-value 0.000.

Psychosocial Intervention Strategies for Stress Management among Student Mothers in Kenyan Public Secondary Schools in Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya

Agnes Oseko — 2024-10-25

Teenage pregnancy is a significant international concern, with the lack of family support affecting the emotional well-being of pregnant teenagers and their babies, thus reducing the likelihood of student mothers returning to school. This survey, therefore, using William Glasser’s Psychological Reality Theory on Maladaptive Behaviour adopted a cross-sectional research design. The target population was 5,069 female students in form three and form four in all the public secondary schools in Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya. Another population of the study composed of 23 school Guidance and Counselling teachers and 23 school chaplains. From the sample size table developed by Krejcie & Morgan (1970), the target sample encompassed 381 girls from interviewed girls’ schools and mixed schools, 19 Guidance and Counselling teachers and 19 school chaplains. Instruments for data collection were used to determine the level of validity and reliability; the Cronbach alpha value was used and it was higher than 0. 7 indicating high reliability. It was made conspicuous that stress levels are positively associated with academic performance in a strong manner (r=0. 702, p<0. 000). The study thereby established that the level of stress determines the extent of stress in student mothers of the public secondary schools in Kimilili Sub- County, Kenya. This led to the recommendation that school focus and improve on the counselling service for student mothers to reduce stress.

Genesis and Evolution of the Bandit Economy in Baringo Lowland, Kenya

Mwaruvie John — 2024-10-25

Banditry among pastoral communities in Kenya has been in the upsurge since the colonial period. There has been a significant rise in reported cases of banditry attacks with devastating results among communities of Baringo Lowland of Baringo County in Kenya. Due to the loss of lives and disruption of economies of the pastoral communities in the area, the study examined the various historical socio-economic causes of the bandit economy in the zone. The study employed in-depth interviews with elders, youths and organized focus group discussions in Loruk, Mukutani and Kinyach areas of the lowland which is the theatre of constant attack and counter attacks by the Pokot, Tugen and Il Chamus communities. The oral evidence complements archival and documented evidence. The data was qualitatively analysed. The study adopted exploratory research design. Human Needs Theory was adopted for this study. The study reveals the socio-economic factors contributed to the bandit economy in the lowland from 1900. They include: increased population, demands for bride wealth payment, pressure to prove their masculinity after initiation, and infiltration of small arms. These were noted as the main factors that have continued to fuel banditry. The study, recommends a paradigm shift in social economic culturalisation and government, Non-Government and other development partners to focus on engaging the local communities and creating alternative sources of livelihoods that will combat the banditry menace.

Influence of Human Factors on Performance of Micro and Small Garment Enterprises in Ghana

Bridgette Aidoo-Taylor — 2024-10-25

This study investigated how human factors affect the performance of micro and small garment enterprises in Ghana's Greater Accra region. The study was guided by human capital theory and resource-based view theory. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used to collect data from a varied population of garment entrepreneurs, association executives, and clients, with clustering, simple random, and purposive sampling approaches used. The study focuses on independent variables such as designers' expertise, attitude, and ability to manage their firms, with enterprise performance as the dependent variable. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as multiple linear regression, to determine variable correlations. The data show a large gender disparity among respondents, with females making up the majority of micro and small-scale textile industry owners. Moreover, a wide range of educational backgrounds were noted among respondents, with the majority holding diplomas. The study examined designers' attitudes and their impact on corporate performance, revealing different perspectives on entrepreneurial obstacles, market survival, client appeal, and business strategy. Despite varying perspectives, there is agreement on the significance of customer happiness and quality. A regression study shows a moderate association between human variables and enterprise success (R = 0.551, p < 0.001), with knowledge, aptitude, and enthusiasm showing substantial positive relationships. The study emphasizes the necessity of continual skill development and entrepreneurial education for designers to improve business performance. Overall, the findings indicate that designers in Ghana's micro and small garment-making firms are strongly committed to garment manufacturing, innovation, customer happiness, and quality, which has consequences for profitability and market success.

Medicinal uses and pharmacological activity of Ximenia americana L. - A systematic review

Moses Ngeiywa — 2024-10-25

Medicinal plants have traditionally been used as remedies for various ailments. Ximenia americana which belongs to the Olacaceae family is one of the plants used in traditional medicine in Africa. However, it is facing threats of extinction due to its use for other purposes like firewood. It is within this context that this review aims at compiling published data on the ethnobotanical status, pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiles of X. americana in the last decade. A web-based literature search was done using scientific databases including Google Scholar and Pub Med, with inclusion criteria of full-length articles reporting on ethno medicinal surveys, pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiles of X. americana in Africa from the year 2010 to 2024. Data was captured in MS excel format and descriptive statistics used to summarize the findings. X. americana is used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments including digestive system infections, injuries, sexually transmitted infections among others. Literature search on pharmacological and phytochemical studies validates the use of X. americana in folklore medicine. The current review findings support the traditional use of X. americana. However, in-depth studies aimed at efficacy and safety evaluation, in addition to identification of the X. americana plant compounds responsible for the reported therapeutic activities is required.

Effectiveness of Psychosocial Intervention to School Refusal Behavior among Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Keiyo North Sub-County, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya

Agnes Oseko — 2024-10-25

Despite the many efforts by parents, teachers, and counselors to curb school refusal behavior, there is much evidence that the problem has persisted from times immemorial. The objective of the study was to determine psychosocial intervention strategies to school refusal behaviour among pupils in public primary schools. The current study aimed to determine the Effectiveness of Psychosocial Intervention in reducing school refusal behavior among pupils in public primary schools in Keiyo North sub-county, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study was based on a positivist philosophy and Hirschi's control theory, which explains how attachment to a given school can be a means for a learner to make positive academic and social life choices. The research design employed was descriptive, and a survey was used. The targeted population was grade 7 and 8 pupils in public primary schools who were absent from school or class for at least 10% or more days in their previous academic year. They were identified with the assistance of their class teachers. Keiyo North Sub-County has a total of 5806 pupils in both classes. Purposive sampling was used to select the public primary schools participating in the research. Gill et al. (2010) used a sample size determination table to calculate the sample size, and a sample of 357 learners was derived. Four schools from each of the four zones in the sub-county were used for piloting and did not participate in the actual research. Data was collected using document analysis, which included attendance registers, records from guidance and counseling departments, discipline books, and pupils' questionnaires. To determine the validity of the research instrument, piloting, correlation analysis, and consultation with supervisors who are experts were done. Cronbach alpha was used to ascertain the reliability of the instruments, which resulted in an alpha value of 0.7.

This was considered high enough and was thus accepted and used. Data from questionnaires were validated, coded, and tabulated, then analyzed with the help of the SPSS computer package for social science version 23. Descriptive statistics used were charts and percentages to present demographic data and inferential statistics (chi-square) to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. It was concluded that there is a relationship between psychosocial interventions and school refusal behavior and that the psychosocial support given to school refusers is not sufficient, thus making the problem of school refusal persist. The study recommended that urgent measures should be put in place to enhance the Effectiveness of intervention strategies to curb school refusal behavior. Also, all stakeholders should utilize intervention strategies that best suit their learners, collaborate to understand the underlying reasons for the problem of school refusal and create warm and friendly school and home environments for learners. Additionally, further studies should be carried out on other intervention strategies to curb school refusal behavior.

Modeling Physical Inactivity among University of Eldoret Staff in Kenya using a Logit Model

Julius Koech — 2024-10-25

Physical inactivity (PI) is a significant contributor to non-communicable diseases globally. This study focused on assessing the prevalence of PI among staff at the University of Eldoret and exploring the factors that contribute to it. The goal was to improve staff well-being, thereby enhancing overall organizational output and service quality. The study utilized a descriptive case study design, collected data through self-report questionnaires. The questionnaire covered demographic information, sedentary behaviors, and physical activity. The data were summarized using means and standard deviations, and presented through frequency distribution tables as well as graphical techniques for categorical variables. 321 employees participated in the study. Among female employees, the majority had perfect, good, and average fitness levels compared to male employees (70.4% vs. 29.6%, 80.1% vs. 19.9%, and 70.3% vs. 29.7%, respectively). A similar trend was observed among non-teaching staff compared to teaching staff. The prevalence of PI among employees was 36%, higher than the global prevalence of 25% among adults. The statistically significant factors associated with PI were low monthly income (AOR=0.31, 95%CI=0.1159-0.8351), lack of a physical activity plan (AOR=1.85, 95%CI=1.0877-3.1957), and higher BMI levels (AOR=4.29, 95%CI=1.1156-21.4148). Wealthier individuals had a lower risk of PI, although the association was not statistically significant. The study recommends promoting physical activity awareness and wellness programs in institutions. By identifying influential factors related to PI, the study provides crucial information for decision-making and policy formulation aimed at promoting a more active and healthier lifestyle among employees in similar settings.

Lead and Cadmium Pollution: Implications for Health in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Senegal and Kenya

Agan Leonard — 2024-10-25

Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is a prevalent activity, characterized by low-tech equipment and inadequate Occupational Health and Safety Standards (OHS). The ASGM is a significant source of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs), which can result in potential health risks to humans and the ecosystem. The interconnectedness between human and environmental health have gained global attention from scientific communities, public health and planetary health regarding human-environmental continuum’s safety. This study aimed at assessing human and environmental health risks associated with mine pollution in Kedougou region of South Eastern Senegal and Kakamega region in Western Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to collect waste ores, agricultural soil, residential soils and surface water samples were taken from Kedougou region while secondary data on similar matrices were used from Kakamega region. Descriptive statistics, figures and tables were used to present the result. Health risks assessment were achieved using Enrichment Factors (EF), Index of Geo-accumulation (Igeo), Pollution Index (HPI), and Ecological Risk Assessment Indices (ERI); to ascertain the source and the burden of health risk as a result of contamination in the two regions. Distinct geological and mineralogical compositions contributed significantly to the difference in concentrations of these Pb and Cd across Eastern and Western Africa regions. Further, geographic variation in background concentrations contributed significantly to the natural Pb and Cd levels in environmental media between the different locales. This research concluded that ASGM is one of the contributors to human and ecosystem health risks associated with Pb and Cd pollution. There is urgent need for comprehensive Occupational Health and Safety Standards; implementation and training of miners to safeguard human health while maintaining the livelihood in ASGM operations as well as proper control of mine waste disposal and conservation measures around the ASGM areas.

Difference in Retention Trends of Teenage Mothers in Public Secondary Schools in Samburu and Nairobi Counties, Kenya

Gitumu W. Margaret — 2024-10-25

In Kenya, teenage pregnancy significantly threatens girls' education, often leading to high dropout rates and early marriages. Recent statistics reveal that about four in ten girls aged 15-19 have been pregnant. This study aimed to examine the retention trends of teenage mothers in public secondary schools in Samburu and Nairobi Counties, selected due to their high prevalence of teenage pregnancy, representation of rural and urban areas, and limited existing data on post-childbirth school resumption. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development offered a valuable framework for understanding teenage mothers’ developmental challenges. The study employed an ex post facto survey design. The target population consisted of 32,597 girls, 79 principals from Nairobi County, 7,396 girls, and 16 principals from Samburu County. According to Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) sampling tables, a population of 39,993 should have a sample size of 380 respondents. Therefore, 380 girls were included in the sample. For principals, the sample was determined based on Gay's (2001) recommendation that a 10-40 percent sample size is adequate for representation. The researcher chose the upper limit of 40%, resulting in a sample of 38 principals. Data was collected using self-constructed questionnaires and interview schedules. A pilot study in four schools tested reliability with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, yielding a reliable score of 0.78. Data analysis using descriptive statistics and t-tests with SPSS version 22 revealed a significant difference in retention trends between the counties, though retention rates were low in bot79 principals from Nairobi County, h (t = -5.477, p<0.05). The study recommends continued efforts to support school re-entry for teenage mothers, as increasing their retention could significantly influence their educational attainment and future opportunities. Policies should particularly focus on aiding teenage mothers from rural and marginalized communities to return to secondary schools.

Comparative Efficiency of DBSCAN, K-means, and Their Combination in Image Processing

Charles Okanda Nyatega — 2024-10-25

Clustering techniques are vital for image analysis applications like object detection, pattern recognition, and image segmentation. The research evaluates effectiveness and efficiency of three clustering techniques K-means, DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise), and a new hybrid model that combines the two are compared in this research in the context of analyzing MRI image dataset. Finding a technique that performs well across various kinds of image analysis applications in terms of computing efficiency and clustering quality is the main goal. In this study, a hybrid model is presented to overcome the shortcomings of individual techniques. The hybrid model aims at achieving a balanced performance that increases computational efficiency and clustering accuracy in MRI image analysis by combining the characteristics of DB- SCAN and K-means. This methodology makes use of DBSCAN’s capacity to detect clusters with complicated shapes and densities combined with K-means’ effectiveness in handling huge amounts of data with simple cluster structures, the research significance is on how it potentially changes how the information is extracted from MRI images using the hybrid technique also it advances the field of medical image analysis. Silhouette Score is an Evaluation metric employed to assess clustering quality, and execution time metric as Computational efficiency measure. Based to our research, the hybrid model achieves a balanced performance on analyzing variety images in dataset by utilizing the advantages of both K-means and DBSCAN with the aim of opening the door to more precise and effective analysis in the field of medical imaging as well as beyond.

Prevalence of Suicide Ideation among University Students: A Case of Nyanza Region, Kenya

John Simiyu — 2024-10-25

Cases of completed suicide have been on the rise among university students in recent past. The study focused on the prevalence of suicide ideation among university students in Nyanza region with an aim of preventing ideation from reaching completion. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of suicide ideation among university students and to compare the prevalence of suicide ideation in relation to university and year of study. The study was guided by Three Step Theory of Suicide (3ST). Correlational research design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to select four public universities from Nyanza region. Stratified sampling was used to select undergraduate students and thereafter simple random sampling was used to select 1477 students with the guidance of sample size table by Cohen, Manion and Morrison. Data were collected using student questionnaire, interview schedule and existing counseling records and data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V20, 2023). Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were generated and quantitative data were analyzed using chi square at .05 level of significance. The study findings indicated that suicide ideation is prevalent among university students (23.6%). The prevalence differs depending on the university (x²=p<.05) but the prevalence was not related to the year of study (p>.05). The study recommends that university counselling department should create more awareness on the issue of suicide, its effects and how students can cope with challenges so as to prevent suicidal thoughts.

Focusing on Teaching and Learning Resources in Improving Academic Performance of Learners with HI in Inclusive Schools

Eliud Oyoo — 2024-10-25

Poor academic performance of learners with hearing impairment in inclusive schools is a challenge that has been worrying most of the stakeholders from global to local level. Stake holders are unable to identify the main factors that are responsible for this undesirable trend. The purpose of this study was to examine how focusing on teaching and learning resources can improve academic performance of learners with HI in Rachuonyo East Sub County, Homa Bay County, Kenya. The study was guided by Instructional Design Theory by Charles Reigeluth (1999). The study used a cross-sectional survey research design and mixed research approach. The target population consisted of 17 H/Teachers, 5 CSO’s, 78 teachers and 884 pupils of grade six from inclusive schools in all Zones of Rachuonyo East Sub County in Homa-Bay County, Kenya. A sample size of 370 respondents comprising of 5 CSO’s, 17 H/Teachers, 78 teachers and 270 pupils were selected using census and purposive sampling techniques. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaires for teachers and head teachers, face to face interview for the CSOs and focused group discussions for learners. The reliability coefficient was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha for each Sub-Scale. Test – retest research technique of reliability was administered twice to the same respondents in an interval of two weeks while keeping all the initial conditions constant and an acceptable reliability index of .78 was realized. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively into frequency counts, mean ratings and percentages; then further inferentially using t-test and correlation methods. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The analyzed findings from the different sources were then corroborated and triangulated to bring harmony in the paper. The study finding was that when teaching and learning resources are adequately focused on by teachers, it will have moderate and positive (r = .530) significant influence (p = .000) on academic performance of HI learners. It is therefore recommended that special needs teachers should always use relevant and appropriate teaching / learning resources in the planning and delivery of their lessons. This should also be anchored in the ministry of education policy guiding the training of HI learners in inclusive primary schools.

The Power of Smartphone Use in Enhancing Psychological Well-Being of University Students

Eliud Oyoo — 2024-10-25

Smartphones are considered a necessity in students’ campus life globally. Several research findings show that students use them for their daily communication, social networking, entertainment, and research, among many others as the main uses. However, there is scanty documentation on its use as an avenue for psychological well-being. The objective of this research was to assess the awareness level of the usability of smartphones for the psychological well-being of university students. This study adopted the cross-sectional survey research design and mixed methods approach. A random sample size of 365 university students of years 2 and 3 from the 4 schools of Rongo University and 10 student counselors of Rongo University were involved in data collection. Quantitative data was collected by use of questionnaires while qualitative data was collected by use of interview guide. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively into percentages, means, and standard deviations, while the inferential statistical analysis used was t-test and correlation. The analyzed findings were presented in the form of tables. The qualitative data was analyzed through a thematic approach and then triangulated with the quantitative data findings in the discussion. The study established that there is a statistically significant moderate positive influence (r=.391) of the awareness level of usability of smartphones on the psychological well-being of university students (p = .000) at an alpha value of .05. The research findings concluded that awareness level of usability of smartphones can moderately and positively influence the psychological well-being of university students. Thus the study recommended that universities should focus on awareness creation of the usability of smartphones in their students to enhance their psychological well-being.

The Influence of Sheng’ Phonology on The Learning of Kiswahili Grammar in Public Secondary Schools in Uasin Gishu County - Kenya

John Simiyu — 2024-10-25

Sheng’ is a linguistic code that primarily utilizes Kiswahili structure and grammar, incorporating vocabulary from Kiswahili, English, and various Kenyan ethnic languages. This code is predominantly used in urban areas. This paper aims to investigate how Sheng’ phonology affects the acquisition of Kiswahili grammar among students in public secondary schools in Uasin Gishu, Kenya. This study applied Howard Giles Communication Accommodation Theory. According to Giles, people adjust their vocal patterns, gestures and their speech in order to accommodate others during their interaction. The study employed mixed methods research and exploratory sequential research design. At the time of the study, there were 350 teachers Kiswahili and 18,661 Form Three learners. Using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, a sample of 55 teachers and 360 students were selected to participate in the research. Data was gathered through observation schedules, focus group discussion guides, and a writing task assigned to the students. Questionnaires and interview guides were used for teachers of Kiswahili. Qualitative data collected were analyzed thematically to produce insights that were visually summarized in graphics and discussed in narrative form. Quantitative data were examined using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found out that incorporating Sheng words did not provide any benefits for learning Kiswahili grammar. Additionally, Sheng phonology negatively affected the learning process, as students often wrote based on their spoken language patterns. The study advocates that school administrators enforce strict adherence to school-based language policies to manage the language environment effectively. Additionally, the Ministry of Education should promote drama, music, and debate competitions among schools to enhance language skills. The Department of Research Monitoring and Evaluation at the KICD should ensure that language use is clearly defined in the Kiswahili subject curriculum and consider recognizing Sheng’ as a distinct language code within the country.

Validating Measures of Hertzberg-Two-Factor Theory in the Context of Academic staff at Kyambogo University

Wilson Mugizi — 2024-10-25

The study validated the measures of Hertzberg two-factor theory in the context of full-time academic staff at Kyambogo University. Basing on the conceptualization by Hertzberg (1951), the theory was studied in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. This cross-sectional study involved a sample of 201 from full-time academic staff at Kyambogo University, data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling (SEM) using Smart PLS for partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to determine the measures of two-factor theory. Descriptive results indicated that two constructs of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction were high. PLS-SEM indicated that the two constructs of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction were appropriate measures of the Hertzberg two-factor theory. It was concluded that Kyambogo University managers promoted high level of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction towards academic staff. Therefore, the study recommended that Kyambogo University managers need to ensure both intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction is enhanced among full-time academic staff.

Evaluating the Performance of Tree-Based Predictive Models as Programme Recommenders for University Entrants in Kenya.

Kibuthi J. Kabiru — 2024-10-25

Enrolling for the wrong programme by university students has, to an extent, contributed to the high rates of discontinuation on academic grounds, repeat year cases, change of programme after registration, interuniversity transfers, deferments to change programme, drop out cases, suspension over exam irregularities as well as to strikes. This study focused on finding a technological solution for reducing these cases by evaluating three tree-based predictive models and recommending the most predictive model to implement as a programme recommender. Data was collected in five selected public universities in Kenya using Google Forms. The respondents were 308 translating to 308 rows of data with 36 columns. Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Sklearn, Seaborn, Scipy, Plotly python analytics libraries were deployed using Jupyter Notebook for Anaconda. The cleaned and processed dataset features had categorical variables thus one-hot-encoding technique was employed. Data was split for training and testing with the random_state set to 42. Gini index criteria was implemented. The three models were evaluated on their performance from the optimally split data for training and test with a 80:20 ratio. Random Forest (RF) came out the most predictive at 99.3% followed by Gradient Boosting (XG Boost) at 90% then Decision Tree (DT) at 80.93%. The testing accuracy score for RF was 81.72%, XGBoost was at 75.72% and DT was at 76.34%. Confusion matrix criterion was implemented to evaluate the performance of the three models. The results of this study have demonstrated the high accuracy level of RF as the most predictive tree-based model for this real-world University crisis. The model is recommended for development as a system to be integrated into the KUCCPS portal. The integrated system is dubbed Programme Recommender which if launched would highly predict the best programme of study for application by university entrants.

Sustained Usage of Energy Efficient Firewood Cook Stoves and Climate Change Mitigation in Siaya County, Kenya

Victor John Omondi — 2024-10-25

The importance of using energy efficient firewood cook stoves to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions is widely acknowledged. Consequently, different types of energy efficient firewood stoves have been and continue to be disseminated in many rural households in Kenya. However, the anticipated benefits can be fully actualized only with the sustained longterm usage of these stoves. There has been an existing knowledge gap regarding the link between the sustained utilization of energy-efficient stoves and climate change mitigation in Siaya County, Kenya. This study evaluated the relationship between sustained usage of the energy efficient firewood cook stoves and climate change mitigation. The study employed an experimental design in which 100 households equipped with energy efficient twin brick rocket cook stove were randomly selected. This was followed by a Kitchen Performance Test (KPT), adopting a paired-sample study. Data was analyzed both descriptively and through correlation analysis to test the relationship between the energy efficient stove’s sustained usage and climate change mitigation. The key study finding was that a single twin brick rocket energy efficient cook stove could save approximately 1.1315 tonnes of firewood translating to 1.4099 tonnes of CO₂e (41.3%) per year compared to the three stone open fire. The energy efficient stove remarkably reduced firewood consumption and GHGs emissions hence its sustained usage could have tangible impact on climate change mitigation. The study recommends enhanced sensitization on the climate change mitigation benefits of using the energy efficient stoves and scaling up adoption and usage of the energy efficient firewood cook stove through integration of approaches that allow deep understanding of context-specific needs and cooking practices.

Economic Viability of Solid Waste Management For Environmental Sustainability In Kisii Town

Bessy Kathambi — 2024-10-25

Solid waste management (SWM) has potential for economic opportunities whose results take on economic, environmental, and social benefits to the human race. Waste management is imperatively growing challenge in the quest for sustainable urban development. Study sought to assess economic viability of solid waste management for environmental sustainability in Kisii town. Study adopted zero -waste and the circular economy theories and a cross-sectional research design. Data collection methods encompassed questionnaires and interviews using KOBO software. Data from interviews was analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results indicate that there is limited knowledge among residents on usage of solid wastes for economic value with 17% of respondents aware of the economic value of solid waste. Further, results show that 52% respondents were aware of the policies on economic recovery. Knowledge on specific laws guiding economic recovery (plastic recycling, E-waste, composting and biogas) was significantly low at; 37% for women, 36% for youths, and 29% for men. It was established that 83% of youths have a perception that waste is valuable, followed by 70% women and 52% men. Sustainable solid waste management practices and use of solid waste as an economic activity, results indicate that 94% of respondents practiced re-use, 87.7% composting, 58% recycling; other forms of recovery are rarely practiced. There existed few waste-to-resource activities in Kisii town which mainstreamed by the County government could spur the economy of the town. Study recommends that, both the county and national governments prioritise mainstreaming solid waste economic recovery by sensitizing people the value of solid wastes.

Contribution of Awareness Creation in the Promotion of Teachers’ Work Environment in Public Primary Schools in Rongo Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya

Kute Berther — 2024-10-25

The physical, social, and cultural aspects of the setting in which services are provided make up the work environment. It is a crucial factor in determining how well employees perform in any given firm. The mission of the legally recognized Kenya National Union of Teachers (KNUT) is to defend the rights of primary school teachers. In carrying out its duties, it, among other things, offers welfare services, raises awareness, represents teachers' concerns, and takes part in conflict resolution. Even with this important function, there isn't much actual data to support the claim that KNUT participation in these events improves the working environment for teachers. The study's goal was to determine how KNUT engagement in raising awareness helped to improve the working conditions for teachers in public primary schools in Rongo Sub County. The Theory of Work Adjustment served as the study's guidance. Research designs that used correlation and descriptive surveys were used. 756 teachers, 69 head teachers, 5 CSOs, and 11 members of the KNUT Branch Executive Committee made up the research population. 254 teachers were chosen by simple random sample, while 5 head teachers, 5 CSOs, and 11 members of the KNUT branch executive committee were chosen via selective sampling. Supervisors' expert opinions were used to assess the validity of the instruments, and the test-retest approach was used to determine reliability. According to the study, KNUT participation in awareness-raising through seminars and induction greatly (F (5,239) = 48.736, P<.05) fosters a pleasant work environment in public elementary schools. The study concluded that KNUT’s collaborative engagement in creating awareness on professional training opportunities, clarifying code of ethics and code of conduct to members, and interpreting new policy reforms in education, inspire a sense of community and professional commitment in the work environment; necessary for integration and fulfillment of teachers, learners and other stakeholders needs. The findings from this study may enhance future collaboration between Ministry of Education, Head teachers, Teachers Service Commission, and KNUT in reviewing policies to promote teachers’ work environment.

Origin and Nature of Ethnic Fragmentation in Kenya Since 1960

Samuel Wafula Mukanda — 2024-10-25

This research article underscored ethnic fragmentation in Kenya by dwelling on its origin and nature since 1960. It reviewed various literatures and filled the gaps that emerged. Additionally, the research article utilized historical research design since the study was qualitative in nature. It was conducted in Bungoma, Busia, Kakamega, Kisumu, Kisii, Homabay and Siaya. It utilized purposive and snowballing sampling techniques to collect data. Moreover, the article employed pragmatism and the Instrumental Marxism Theory which shed light on the historical and structural factors underlying Kenya's ethnic fragmentation. The research article found that; ethnic politics was deliberately introduced and propagated in the Kenyan political system by the British colonial government through its divisive ‘divide and rule’ policy to actualize colonial and imperialist economic and political objectives. The article concludes that; while historical and structural factors have significantly influenced Kenya’s ethnic fragmentation, emerging national identities alongside ethnic affiliations indicate a potential shift towards more inclusive national unity.

Historical Perspective of Security Relations Between Kenya and Uganda from 1962 – 2024

Pontian Godfrey Okoth — 2024-10-25

Cross-border conflicts have led to the loss of many human lives and the displacement of various groups. The purpose of the study is to provide a historical perspective of security relations between Kenya and Uganda from 1962-2024. The study reviewed various literatures and a major gap was identified. Theoretically, the study adopted the ideas of bureaucratic theory propounded by Max Weber in 1921. Methodologically, due to the qualitative nature of the research, the study embraced historical research design because it helps in evaluating and relating the past occurrences in order to establish the causes, effects or trends of those occurrences with the aim of using the data to understand and explain the past or present and future anticipated events. The study found out that; first, the security relations between Kenya and Uganda during the 1960s characterized by a spirit of regional cooperation. Secondly, the independence and early relations between Kenya and Uganda in 1960s laid a solid foundation for future collaboration and partnership in matters of security. Lastly, Kenya and Uganda have collaborated on regional peacekeeping efforts, including deployments to conflict zones such as Somalia and South Sudan. In Conclusion, in assessing the security relations between Kenya and Uganda, it becomes clear that bureaucratic structures, processes and governance mechanisms play a crucial role in shaping bilateral cooperation and development.

Conditions Necessitating Secondary School Teachers’ Turnover in the Elliotdale Circuit, South Africa

Issah Mohammed — 2024-10-25

This study examines the conditions necessitating secondary school teachers’ turnover in the Elliotdale Circuit of South Africa. The qualitative research approach was adopted. The design used was a case study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample size of twenty-two (22) participants, which comprised twelve (12) teachers, five (5) principals, three (3) teacher union representatives and two (2) subject advisors. Permission was sought from the provincial and district education authorities. Face-to-face, in-depth individual interviews were conducted through audio recording. The questions used were open-ended. Collected data were transcribed and analysed manually using the deductive thematic analytical method. Findings on the conditions necessitating secondary school teachers’ turnover in the Elliodale Circuit include the Department of Education's inadequacy in motivating existing and newly recruited teachers, delays in the processing of newly recruited teachers' salaries, teachers’ feeling of being undervalued, unappreciated and not acknowledged by the District Education, poor socio-economic conditions and the underdeveloped nature of the school communities, poor relations between the teachers and some of the departmental officials, strict monitoring of the teachers' work, long-distance travel to and from school daily coupled with the high cost of transport fares, the prevalence of crime, including burglaries and rape and inadequate opportunities for further studies and career advancement. Recommendations made were that the Dutywa Education District should work with the Provincial Education Office to process all newly recruited teachers’ salaries at the earliest possible time, the district should create opportunities for all teachers to further their studies, rural schools should be provided with adequate infrastructure like well-furnished offices, science and computer laboratories and libraries and teachers should be provided with secured flats or houses with electricity and running water.

Vitamin D, Hormonal profiles and Homa-IR in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Women who are candidates for In Vitro Fertilization at a Tertiary Hospital in Western Kenya

Kavoo Linge — 2024-10-25

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that presents with high androgens levels, disturbances in menstrual cycles and polycystic ovaries in shape. Studies report of 30% to 80 % of PCOS gets insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and type II diabetes mellitus. It is one of the most common cause of infertility and thus lowering their quality of life. Research is emerging that 70 % of PCOS patients do have Vitamin D deficiency, whether there is a connection between Vitamin D and insulin resistance in PCOS, studies have remained inconsistent and inconclusive. To compare the insulin resistance, hormonal profiles and Vitamin D levels in PCOS women who are candidates for IVF at a tertiary hospital. A case control study carried out between June 2023 and April 2024 at Mediheal Fertility Centre and MTRH in Eldoret. A sample of 60 women. Group 1 of 20 participants with infertile PCOS diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria and group II of 20 women who are fertile without PCOS and group III of 20 infertile non PCOS who are also candidates for IVF served as controls. Luteinizing hormone, Testosterone, Ant Mullerian hormone, Insulin, fasting blood sugar and Vitamin D levels were carried out using automated Chemiluminescence (ECLIA) methods at MTRH. Data was analyzed using STATA version 15 and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. P values set at <0.05.AMH, Testosterone, LH and Insulin hormone levels were significantly higher as compared to fertile non PCOS and infertile non PCOS p<0.05. However, Vitamin D was significantly lower in infertile PCOS as compared to fertile non PCOS and infertile non PCOS p< 0.05. Vitamin D correlated negatively with LH and Testosterone but positively with AMH and Insulin suggesting that higher levels of LH and Testosterone are linked to lower levels of Vitamin D unlike AMH and Insulin though the correlation was not statistically significant p> 0.05. HOMA-IR, HbA1C and fasting blood sugar were significantly higher in infertile PCOS as compared to fertile non PCOS and infertile non PCOS p< 0.05. Vitamin D correlated negatively with HbA1C but positively with HOMA-IR though not statistically significant p> 0.05. Further research may be warranted to explore additional factors influencing IR and randomized clinical trials to test impact of Vitamin D on metabolic dysregualtions. Healthcare professionals should ensure adequate Vitamin D levels in patients to potentially mitigate insulin resistance.

Head Teachers’ Preparedness to Use ICT in Management of Primary Schools in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya

Elisha Omoso — 2024-10-25

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized every feature of human life including the education sector. Efforts to use ICT in both teaching and school management, for example, are growing in various countries. This study thus purposed to investigate head teachers’ preparedness to use ICT in School Management Tasks (SMTs) in Ndhiwa sub-county, Homabay County in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey design in selected 46 primary schools. A total of 46 Head Teachers (HTs) and 6 Curriculum Support Officers (CSOs) were involved in the study. Questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analysed descriptively into frequencies and percentages whereas qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis in line with the conceptual framework and the research questions. The two data sets were then triangulated for compelling and interesting results. Results show that although 87% of the HTs had received ICT training through self-sponsorship, their level of preparedness to use ICT in SMTs remains low. Results, for example, show that the HT’s ICT proficiency was limited to basic use of the e-mail, internet and MS office respectively. Furthermore, results reveal that the HT’s overall use of computer programs in performing SMTs was generally low at 31% with the leading use being for performing administrative tasks (45.1%), instructional tasks (27.5%) and financial tasks (20.7%) respectively. With the above findings, the study recommends further studies to identify the specific HT’s ICT training needs meant to inform ICT Continuous Professional Development (CPD) training to equip the HTs with advanced computer proficiency skills.

Predictors of Stunting among Preschool-Aged Children in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Gertrude M. Were — 2024-10-25

Globally, approximately 149.2 million preschoolers are stunted and about 30% of them come from Africa. An estimated one million deaths annually among preschoolers are associated with stunting. Africa and South Asia share the highest proportion of stunting with 36% and 34% respectively. In Kenya, stunting rates among preschool-aged children is at 26% which is still a public health concern. Despite Uasin Gishu County’s abundance of food from both crop and livestock farming stunting persists among preschoolers with a prevalence of 31%. This investigation aimed at assessing the child- and household-related predictors of stunting among preschoolers. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted with a sample size of 289 children. Children alongside their caregivers were selected through a three-tier sampling technique consisting of purposive, stratified and simple random sampling. Socio-demographic data was collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Stunting data was collected using a height/length board. Data analysis was carried out using WHO Anthro Software and SPSS version 23. The findings indicated that 29.4% of preschoolers in Uasin Gishu County are stunted, with male children being stunted (33.55%) compared to female children (24.82%). Majority (46.8%) of the children aged 12-23 months were stunted. The probability of stunting was higher among children from mothers with a lower level of education (p value=0). Children from married parents and those from low-income households (p value=0.002, OR=6.55) also had lower chances of stunting. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of stunting, which is influenced by the child’s gender, marital status, maternal education, and household wealth.

Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Physico-chemical, and Functional Properties of Irish Potato Tubers and flours is Dose and Varietal Dependent

Emmanuel Ayua — 2024-10-25

Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a globally significant food crop, serving as a staple for many populations and contributing to food security. Gamma irradiation has emerged as a promising postharvest technology to extend the shelf life of potato tubers by inhibiting sprouting, greening, and microbial spoilage. This review comprehensively analyzes the impact of gamma irradiation on the physical, chemical, and functional properties of Irish potato tubers and flours. Optimal doses of gamma irradiation (50-150 Gy) effectively control sprouting and maintain firmness by delaying metabolic processes. However, higher doses can negatively impact morphology, potentially reducing tuber size and weight. Texture is also affected, with irradiation potentially causing cell wall breakdown, leading to decreased hardness. Gamma irradiation can reduce moisture content due to increased water radiolysis. Protein content may decrease due to structural changes, while lipid content can be reduced through peroxidation or inhibited biosynthesis. Mineral content, such as sodium and potassium, may also decline. Interestingly, irradiation can decrease anti-nutritional factors like solanine and enhance antioxidant properties. Effects on reducing sugars are variable and dose-dependent, with potential for both increases and decreases. Water absorption capacity (WAC) generally increases following irradiation due to starch granule breakdown. Oil absorption capacity (OAC) can be enhanced through oxidation and degradation of starch components. Pasting properties, crucial for texture and consistency, are modified, with peak viscosity potentially increasing at lower doses but decreasing at higher doses. While gamma irradiation offers benefits in preserving potatoes and reducing postharvest losses, it is essential to optimize irradiation conditions to minimize any adverse effects on quality and ensure consumer acceptance.

Assessing Awareness of Forest Conservation Laws: Insights from a Community Study in Homabay County, Kenya

Taji Isindu Shivachi — 2024-10-25

This study examines the awareness of forest conservation laws among communities in Homabay County, Kenya, and explores the sources of information on these laws. Data were collected through surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Results reveal high levels of familiarity with certain prohibitions, such as unauthorized logging and timber trade, while awareness of other regulations, such as unauthorized burning and waste dumping, was comparatively lower. Social circles, including friends and relatives, emerged as the primary source of information, followed by announcements at funerals and social media. The study highlights the importance of community-based awareness campaigns and the need for targeted educational initiatives to improve understanding and compliance with forest conservation laws. Recommendations include enhancing formal education on environmental conservation, leveraging community during formal community gatherings (barazas) for information dissemination, and utilizing digital platforms for outreach. This research contributes valuable insights for policymakers, conservation organizations, and community stakeholders aiming to promote sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation.

Teachers’ Preparedness for Use of Computer Technology Tools in Teaching and Learning English Vocabulary in Grade Three in Primary Schools in Nyamira County, Kenya

Nyasimi Bernard — 2024-11-22

Teachers' preparedness significantly influences the successful integration of computer technology into English language teaching and learning activities. The purpose of this study was to assess teachers’ preparedness for use of computer technology tools in teaching and learning English vocabulary in grade three in primary schools in Nyamira County, Kenya. The study used a mixed-methods research design, stratified simple random and purposive selection approaches to select a sample of 23 Curriculum Support Officers (CSOs) and 62 teachers who delivered English language activities to third-graders. Teachers completed a questionnaire to acquire quantitative data while CSOs participated in semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data. Themes were used to categorize qualitative data, and narrative analysis was employed. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies were used to analyse quantitative data. The findings showed that primary school teachers were not adequately prepared to use computer technology tools in English vocabulary lessons. The findings indicated that insufficient training and limited competence in computer technology use contributed to teachers’ inadequate preparation for utilisation of computer technology tools in English vocabulary instruction. Therefore, to maximize the use of computer technology tools in English language teaching and learning activities, teachers should have access to opportunities for ongoing professional development to keep their knowledge and skills up to date.